Everything that I just found from the annals.
This is only a part of the collection of chronicles collected in chronological order, and from page 151 I took part of the text of the collection. My own opinion is shown in bold italics, and I will be grateful to everyone who will help to add something here. The truth is somewhere near
“In the winter of 1367, Prince the Great Dmitry Ivanovich,” reports the Rogozhskaya Chronicle, “having read fortunes with his brother Volodymyr Andreevich and all the eldest boyars, he decided to build a stone city -“Moscow”. Yes, what I have thought I have done. The Kremlin became stone, with iron gates and towers. Construction of the white-stone Moscow Kremlin.
1368 l. Olgerd, incited by the Prince of Tver who had fled to him, promptly set out on a campaign. The Moscow patrol regiment under the leadership of commanders Dmitry Minin and Akinf Shuba was completely destroyed by the superior forces of the Lithuanian cavalry on the Trosna River on November 21. Dmitry Ivanovich took refuge in his capital city and prepared for a siege. For 3 days, Olgerd's troops besieged a new stone fortress, but they could not take it. Capturing booty and prisoners, he left for Lithuania. For the first time in 40 years, the Moscow principality was devastated so that the Moscow chroniclers compared Olgerd's invasion with Batu's campaign. As a result of "Lithuanian" Dmitry Ivanovich had to return the lands of the Klin principality to Mikhail Tverskoy.
Relying on the financial support of the "Genoese" - Italians, who penetrated into the Crimea with missionary activities, temnik Mamai began to control the Kuban region from the summer of 1372. In the summer of 1373, he makes a trip to Ryazan. Since the summer of 1374, Mamai's detachments have regularly raided Nizhny Novgorod.
1369 l. Hiking along the Volga and Kama rivers. According to the research of A. P. Grigorieva restless temnik! (commander of ten thousand soldiers) Mamai during the 1360s - the first half of the 1370s, possessing excellent troops, captured the capital of the Golden Horde four or even five times. But each time he was forced to leave her soon. The reason for this helps to clarify the message about how later, at the end of 1380, Mamai entered into battle with Tokhtamysh, who was the “legitimate khan”: “Mamaev's princes, dismounting from their horses, expressed obedience to Tsar Tokhtamysh, and swore to him by their faith, and took his side, and Mamai was left abused ..
1371 l. The horde was divided between Avdula (Abd Allah om - on whose behalf Temnik Mamai ruled) and Khan Murid. Dmitry bets on Mamai. "Memorable records of Armenian manuscripts of the XIV century": "… this manuscript was written in the city of Crimea … in the summer of 1365, on August 23, during numerous unrest (uprisings), because from all over the country - from Kerch to
Sarukerman - people and cattle were gathered here, and Mamai was in Karasu with countless Tatars, and the city was in fear and horror. " A later entry: "This manuscript was completed in 1371 during the reign of Mamai in the Crimea region …" And also: "… this manuscript was rewritten in 1377 in the city (Karasu) of Crimea during the reign of Mamai - the prince of princes …"
Promotional video:
1375 l. Under the command of Prokop, the ushkuyniki, numbering 1,500 attackers, defeated the five thousandth army of the Kostroma voivode Pleshcheev and captured the city of Kostroma, where they rested for some time. After resting for a couple of weeks in Kostroma, the ushkuyniks moved down the Volga. "By tradition" they made a "visit" to the cities: Bulgar and Saray-Berke. The rulers of Bulgar, taught by bitter experience, paid off with a large tribute, but the khan's capital Saray-Berke was taken by storm and plundered.
From 1360 to 1375 years, the ushkuiniks made eight large voyages to the Middle Volga, not counting small raids. In 1375 years, Dmitry defeated Olgerd's Lithuanian army near Lubutsk. The Horde's help to the Lithuanian prince did not come in time, and Mikhail Tverskoy, “seeing his exhaustion, even the whole Russian land had risen against him,” asked, together with his son-in-law Olgerd, for peace. * Treaty of 1375 years. to the position of "younger brother" with the Grand Duke of Moscow and forever renounces claims to the great reign and agrees to an alliance with Dmitry against the Golden Horde. This is the first ever written indication of Moscow's intention to create an alliance of the Russian principalities against the Horde and Lithuanians **. * It is rather difficult to navigate two different stories of the Lithuanian principality of Olgerd and the Moscow principality of Dmitry: Olgerd, who defeated three Horde kings on the Blue Waters, by the way, the Perekop Horde, whose khan was allegedly defeated by the Blue Waters, appeared at the beginning of the 17th century XIV th. ** This must be remembered, because in the future, many will argue that the Grand Duke Dmitry is fighting only against Mamai of Crimea, but not against the Horde.
In the same summer, the supreme ruler of the Golden Horde, Khan Urus, sent an army to Mangyshlak, against the rebellious governor Tui-Khoja. The rebellion was suppressed, but Tui's son, Khoja Tokhtamysh, flees to Emir Tamerlane in Samarkand. How in 1380 the Grand Duke Dmitry could see the king of the horde in Tokhtamysh, if he was only the son of the governor in Mangyshlak Caspian?
In the spring of 1376, the Moscow voivode Dimitri Mikhailovich Bobrok-Volynsky, at the head of the Russian army, invaded the middle Volga, took out 5,000 rubles from the Mamayev henchmen and put Russian customs officers there (a road).
But by that time, the "Golden Horde" had lost power over the thousand-man Mamai in the Crimea, who, taking advantage of the troubles in the Horde, became the king of the Crimea. In designs
Mamaia sounds the words: "When I go to Russia, I will kill their prince, what wonderful cities will go to us, we will sit down and we will rule Russia." The presence of "fryags" on the Kulikovo field speaks of Mamai's alliance with Europe, not the Horde, since the Horde itself never used Catholic mercenaries. He chooses Oleg Ryazansky as his allies, who wrote to the Lithuanian prince Yagaila, to Kiev, the main city of the Lithuanian principality at that time: “The Tsar (Mamai) will give you the city of Moscow, and other towns adjacent to your principality. Kolomna and Vladimir, Murom, will give me what is close to my principality."
In 1376, the Khan of the Golden Horde Arapsha, who had gone into the service of Mamai from the left bank of the Volga River, ruined the Arapsha, avoiding a battle with the army that had left for the Okumoskovsk.
On August 2, 1377, the battle on the Pyane River was a battle of the Horde army under the leadership of the Arab prince Shah Muzaffar and the united Russian army under the leadership of Prince Ivan Dmitrievich. In the battle, the Russian army, taken by surprise, was utterly defeated. This allowed the Arab Shah to plunder the Nizhny Novgorod principality and take Ryazan. For two years Ryazan has been stormed twice, which may explain the actions of Oleg Ryazansky on the Kulikovo Field. Or there was no "assault", but there was a banal ransom? In 1377, Mamai subdued the Mordovian lands. After a successful raid on the Russian borderlands, the next year Mamai moved an army against Dmitry of Moscow himself
1378 y., Metropolitan of All Russia Alexy died in February. Dmitry lived for twenty-eight years under his spiritual supervision, and Dmitry could not reproach his metropolitan with anything. After the death of Alexis, Cyprian of Lithuania becomes a contender for the place of the Metropolitan of Moscow (Lithuania was then still Orthodox) and Kievsky. But that summer, Prince Dmitry wished to see his own man in the post of metropolitan, and not Cyprian from Constantinople * and Cyprian was kicked out of the gate, for which he called for anathema to Dmitry. By order of the prince, he was intercepted, beaten, and sent back. Cyprian gave the prince to anathema. The prince wants to make the spiritual mentor Michael (Mityai) metropolitan, but he was killed on the way to Constantinople. Two years of church anarchy **. Six months after the Battle of Kulikovo, Dmitry Donskoy calls on Cyprian as Metropolitan of All Russia. *** * Here it is necessary to make a digression: Oskold in baptism, Nicholas, was baptized in Constantinople, and Vladimir in the Crimea, where the Arian doctrine, condemned at two councils of Nicaea and Constantinople, operated at that time. In the future, this confrontation will result in reforms from Nikon and a split in the Orthodox Church.
** And this is not less an important fact: before the Battle of Kulikovo there is no head of the church in Russia, who considered the spread of Orthodoxy in the Horde more important than the sovereignty of Russia …
*** Now, after the final victory over Mamai, completed later by Tokhtamysh, Dmitry can admit Kipriyan to the post of Metropolitan of Russia, without prejudice to his opposition to the Horde
At this time, there are battles with the army of Mamai on the river. Drunk and on the river. Vozhe.
On August 11, 1378, Khan Mamai gathers an army and marches on Moscow. As part of the military confrontation between Russia and the Horde, there was a "battle on the Vozha River". On the Vozha River, a tributary of the Oka, after a successful reconnaissance of the enemy's plans, Grand Duke Dmitry managed to block the ford along which the Tatars were going to cross, moving from Pereyaslavl Ryazansky to Kolomna, and he took a convenient combat position on the hill. The formation of the Russians was in the shape of an arc: the flanks were led by the okolnichny * Timofey Velyaminov and Prince Danila Pronsky (according to another version, Andrei Polotsky). * Okolnichiy - close to the person of the Grand Duke.
Begich did not dare to cross the river in full view of the Russian army and, according to the chronicler, "stood for many days." Then Dmitry Ivanovich himself decided to move away from the river, "give the bank" to the Horde in order to force them to "direct battle". The runner fell into the set trap. The onslaught of the Tatar cavalry was repulsed, and the Russians, who were fighting in a semicircular structure, launched a counteroffensive. The Horde began to retreat in disorder; many of them drowned in the river. The retreating Horde managed to avoid further pursuit and complete defeat thanks to the onset of darkness. The next morning there was a heavy fog, and only after it cleared, the Russian army forced the river and captured the train abandoned by the Horde. In the battle, four Horde princes and Begich himself were killed.
Does it surprise anyone that Begich does not burn Pereyaslavl-Erziansky?
1407 summer. On the river, they set up a city and named it Pereyaslavl, on the Trubezh at the confluence with the Oka, but in order not to confuse it with the real Pereyaslavl, they began to call it Pereyaslavl-Erzyansky, after the name of the Mordovian tribe "Erzya".
The city will appear in this place in 29 years. And this is how a modern map of this area looks like
So trust these academics !!! According to the geographic map, it is about 30 km from Ozera to Lukhovitsa! As well as from Kolomna to the Vozha River. The author of the map stretched the Tatar troops to 20,000 meters, which is almost 20,000 people in one line! But there is also such a clarification: … in the floodplain of the Vozha and its tributary of the Mechi River, Russian troops led by Dmitry Donskoy defeated the Mongol-Tatar troops led by Murza Begich.
If I had to command the Russian troops, I would have used the Swords bank from the left flank and the Vozha river bank on the right, if the ford was on the M-5 highway.
By placing an arc of troops from the Swords River to the Vozha bow and allowing only part of the Begich's army to cross to the left bank, you can wreak havoc without giving the Horde cavalry the advantage in maneuverability
This summer the Catholic world is on the brink of a split. The period of history from 1378 to 1417 years is referred to as the "Great Schism".
In the XIII century, a Genoese colony was formed - the city of Kafa (Feodosia), Soldayu (Sudak). Yagailo went to the Kulikov field from Kiev, where he and Vitovt's rate were, the city was one of the main cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
In 1379, Mamai subdued the North Caucasian region, and in 1380 he captured Astrakhan. Thus, Mamai gradually took control of the scattered territories of the Golden Horde. Campaigns to Russia were part of his policy of conquest.
In 1380 years, Mamai's position worsened. Tokhtamysh, the Khan of the Blue Horde, became the legal successor of the Golden Horde - these are Western Siberia, Northern Kazakhstan, Irtysh and Ob.
Dmitry Donskoy breaks with Mamai and proclaims the king of Tokhtamysh the Khan of the Blue Horde. Sergius of Radonezh's parting words to Prince Dmitry: "With almost gifts and give honor to the wicked Mamai, but seeing your humility, the Lord God will exalt you, and will overthrow his uncontrollable rage and pride." And here is what is said in "Zadonshchina". In the middle of the Battle of Kulikovo, the words of the boyar Bryansky, from the city of Lyubutsk on the Oka, on the land of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia, Alexander Peresvet: “Rekucha is the word“Lutchi would be on my own swords, rather than be full of the nasty,”they were said in in the middle of the battle, when "some are already lying, beaten by Don the Great on the shore." Rodion Oslyabya, also a boyar of Bryansk, was tonsured a monk in his old age, and served with Metropolitan Cyprian. Note that Rodion Oslyabya was not in the ministry of Sergius of Radonezh,as well as the governor Alexander Peresvet could not be in the service of Sergius, since they are not even from Moscow. The relationship between Sergius of Radonezh (the absence of metropolitan authority) and Dmitry Donskoy were little strained, since it was Sergius who wrote letters to the prince asking him to reconcile with Mamai. In one of the manuscripts about the life of the Saint, there is a direct objection to Dmitry Donskoy: "Your duty (license for the activities of foreigners) keeps you from submitting to the Horde king (as it should)." Here Academician Tikhomirov writes: "… in all likelihood these words were uttered some time before the Battle of Kulikovo, when they were not yet represented at the Trinity monastery …" in the Crimea, the "fryazi" have been operating and running for a long time, surviving the Orthodox Armenian Church. On the eve of the battle, Sergius of Radonezh says:“It befits you, sir, to care for the Christ-named flock entrusted from God. Go against the godless and help God, you will win."
“Once I and my hierarchy were subjected to such dishonor! By the power of grace given to me from the Most Holy and Life-Giving Trinity, according to the rules of the Holy Fathers and divine Apostles, those who are involved in my detention, imprisonment, dishonor and desecration, and those who have given advice for this, may they be excommunicated and not
blessed by me, Cyprian, the Metropolitan of All Russia, and cursed, according to the rules of the Holy Fathers."
Dmitry announced the gathering of all regiments in Moscow and Kolomna on 15 August. Appanage princes brought their regiments to his aid.
Having learned about the decision of the Moscow prince, Oleg Ryazansky says: “I used to think that the Russian princes should not oppose the eastern tsar. But now how to understand … where did Dmitry Ivanovich get such help?"
8 Sep 1380 l. Day of the Battle of Kulikovo.
But that's another story.
Author: Shasherin Pavel
