How and when did the word "Ukraine" appear?
"Oukrainami" ("ukrainami", "ukrainami") from XII to XVII centuries. named various border lands of Russia. In the Ipatiev Chronicle, under 6695 (1187), the Pereyaslavl "oukraina" is mentioned, under 6697 (1189), the Galician "oukraina", under 6721 (1213), the border towns of this Galician "oukraina" are listed: Brest, Ugrovsk, Vereshchin, Pillar, Komov. In the I Pskov Chronicle under 6779 (1271), it is said about the villages of the Pskov "Ukraine".
In the Russian-Lithuanian treaties of the 15th century. mentions "Ukrainian places", "Decorating places", "Ukrainian places", which mean Smolensk, Lyubutsk, Mtsensk. In the agreement between the two Ryazan princes in 1496, “our villages in Mordva, on the Tsna and in the Ukraine” are named. With regard to the Moscow-Crimean border from the end of the 15th century. it also said: "Ukraine", "Our Ukrainians", "our Ukrainian places." In 1571, the "List of watchmen from Ukrainian cities from Polish Ukraine along the Pine, along the Don, along the Sword and along other rivers" was compiled. Along with the "Tatar Ukraine" there were also "Kazan Ukraine" and "German Ukraine". Documents of the late 16th century they report about the "Ukrainian service" of the Moscow servicemen: "And the sovereign ordered all Ukrainian governors in all Ukrainian towns to stand in their place according to the previous painting and at the meeting they should be according to the previous painting according to the regiment;and how will the arrival of military people to the sovereigns of Ukraine, and the sovereign ordered to be in the front line in the Ukrainian regiment. " In the Russian legislation of the XVII century. often mentioned are "Ukraine", "Ukrainian cities", "Sovereigns of Ukraine", "Our Ukrainians", "Ukrainian / Ukrainian cities of the wild field", "Ukrainian cities", it is said about the presence of military people "in the Sovereign service in Ukraine." This concept is extremely broad: "… to Siberia and Astrakhan and other distant Ukrainian cities.""… to Siberia and to Astrakhan and to other distant Ukrainian cities.""… to Siberia and Astrakhan and other distant Ukrainian cities."
However, in the Moscow state from the turn of the XV-XVI centuries. there was also Ukraine in the narrow sense of the word - Oka Ukraine ("Ukraine beyond the Oka", "Crimean Ukraine"). In the Russian legislation of the XVI-XVII centuries. the list of cities of such Ukraine is repeatedly given: Tula, Kashira, Krapivna, Aleksin, Serpukhov, Torusa, Odoev. Along with it, the Sloboda Ukraine of the Muscovite State also existed.
At the end of the XVI - the first half of the XVII century. the word "Ukraine" in the narrow sense of the word also began to denote the lands of the Middle Dnieper - the central regions of modern Ukraine. In Polish sources (royal and hetman universal), "castles and our Ukrainian places", "places and towns
Ukrainian”,“Kievskaya Ukraine”. In the Russian legislation of the XVII century. appears "Ukraine Little Russia", "Ukraine, which is called Little Russia"; the right bank of the Dnieper was called the "Polish Ukrainian". Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine were clearly divided in Russian legislation: "Little Russian cities, residents come to the Moscow state and to the Ukrainian cities …".
What was the name of the inhabitants of the border Ukraine?
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In the Ipatiev Chronicle under the number 6776 (1268), the inhabitants of the Polish borderland are mentioned - “Lyakhove Oukrainians” (“and the news was given to them by Lyakhov Oukrainians”). In the Russian-Lithuanian treaties and ambassadorial documents of the mid-15th - first third of the 16th century. called "Ukrainian people", "Ukrainian our people", "Ukrainian servants", "Ukrainian people", "Ukrainians", that is, residents of Smolensk, Lyubutsk, Mtsensk. In Polish documents from the end of the 16th century. there are “our Ukrainian elders”, “lords of the governors and the elders of Ukraine”, “Ukrainian people”, “Ukrainian inhabitants”, “Ukrainian Cossacks”, “Ukrainian senators”. There was no ethnic connotation in this naming. The documents also mention the "Ukrainian military people" and "Ukrainian places" of the Crimean Khanate. The inhabitants of Russia (both Polish and Moscow subjects) still called themselves Russians,foreigners also called them. In the Polish and Russian sources of the same time, the names of "Russian churches" in Lutsk, "Ruskoe clergy" and "Relia [religion, faith] Ruska" are called, as well as "our Russian people" (right there - "ordinary Ukrainian inhabitants"), " Rusin "," People of Rust "," Russian people ". In the text of Vyhovsky's Gadyach agreement with Poland, the population of Ukraine is referred to as “the Ruskom people” and “Russians”. The subjects of the Moscow state called themselves the same: "Russian people", "your great sovereign military people, Rus and Cherkasy." Foreigners called Moscow subjects either “Russians” (J. Velevitskiy, O. Budilo, I. Kilburger, Y. Krizhanich), or “Muscovites” (A. Meyenberg), or both terms simultaneously (R. Chancellor, J. Horsey, G. Staden, A. Olearius, S. Maskevich). In the Polish and Russian sources of the same time, the names of "Russian churches" in Lutsk, "Ruskoe clergy" and "Relia [religion, faith] Ruska" are called, as well as "our Russian people" (right there - "ordinary Ukrainian inhabitants"), " Rusin "," People of Rust "," Russian people ". In the text of Vyhovsky's Gadyach agreement with Poland, the population of Ukraine is referred to as “the Ruskom people” and “Russians”. The subjects of the Moscow state called themselves the same: "Russian people", "your great sovereign military people, Russian and Cherkasy." Foreigners called Moscow subjects either "Russians" (J. Velevitskiy, O. Budilo, I. Kilburger, Y. Krizhanich), or "Muscovites" (A. Meienberg), or both simultaneously (R. Chancellor, J. Horsey, G. Staden, A. Olearius, S. Maskevich). In the Polish and Russian sources of the same time, the names of "Russian churches" in Lutsk, "Ruskoe clergy" and "Relia [religion, faith] Ruska" are called, as well as "our Russian people" (right there - "ordinary Ukrainian inhabitants"), " Rusin "," People of Rust "," Russian people ". In the text of Vyhovsky's Gadyach agreement with Poland, the population of Ukraine is referred to as “the Ruskom people” and “Russians”. The subjects of the Moscow state called themselves the same: "Russian people", "your great sovereign military people, Russian and Cherkasy." Foreigners called Moscow subjects either "Russians" (Y. Velevitsky, O. Budilo, I. Kilburger, Y. Krizhanich), or "Muscovites" (A. Meyenberg), or both at the same time (R. Chancellor, J. Horsey, G. Staden, A. Olearius, S. Maskevich).as well as “our Russian people” (right there - “the commonest Ukrainian inhabitants”), “Rusin”, “People of Rust”, “Russian people”. The text of Vyhovsky's Gadyach agreement with Poland refers to the population of Ukraine as “the people of Ruskom” and “the Russians”. The subjects of the Muscovite state called themselves the same: "Russian people", "your great sovereign military people, Russian and Cherkasy." Foreigners called Moscow subjects either "Russians" (Y. Velevitsky, O. Budilo, I. Kilburger, Y. Krizhanich), or "Muscovites" (A. Meyenberg), or both at the same time (R. Chancellor, J. Horsey, G. Staden, A. Olearius, S. Maskevich).as well as “our Russian people” (right there - “the commonest Ukrainian inhabitants”), “Rusin”, “People of Rust”, “Russian people”. In the text of Vyhovsky's Gadyach agreement with Poland, the population of Ukraine is referred to as “the Ruskom people” and “Russians”. The subjects of the Moscow state called themselves the same: "Russian people", "your great sovereign military people, Rus and Cherkasy." Foreigners called Moscow subjects either “Russians” (J. Velevitskiy, O. Budilo, I. Kilburger, Y. Krizhanich), or “Muscovites” (A. Meyenberg), or both terms simultaneously (R. Chancellor, J. Horsey, G. Staden, A. Olearius, S. Maskevich)."Your great sovereign, military men, Rus and Cherkasy." Foreigners called Moscow subjects either “Russians” (J. Velevitskiy, O. Budilo, I. Kilburger, Y. Krizhanich), or “Muscovites” (A. Meyenberg), or both terms simultaneously (R. Chancellor, J. Horsey, G. Staden, A. Olearius, S. Maskevich)."Your great sovereign, military men, Rus and Cherkasy." Foreigners called Moscow subjects either “Russians” (J. Velevitskiy, O. Budilo, I. Kilburger, Y. Krizhanich), or “Muscovites” (A. Meyenberg), or both terms simultaneously (R. Chancellor, J. Horsey, G. Staden, A. Olearius, S. Maskevich).
Where and how did the word “Ukrainians” first come to be used?
In the Moscow state, “Ukrainians” were originally called military people (border guards) who served on the Oka Ukraine - in the Upper and Middle Poochye - against the Crimeans. In March 1648, the Moscow Duma clerk Ivan Gavrenyov wrote to the Discharge Order a note on the preparation of a number of cases for the report, in which, in particular, under the sixth paragraph it was briefly said: "Ukrainians, who lives why, do not keep them and let them go." The Duma clerk did not explain the word "Ukrainians" in any way; obviously, in Moscow it was heard and did not need an explanation. What it meant becomes clear from subsequent documents. In the spring of 1648, in connection with rumors of an impending attack by the Crimeans on the Moscow borders, a gathering of military men from Ukrainian cities - Tula, Kashira, Kozlov, Tarusa, Belev, Bryansk, Karachev, Mtsensk was announced. In the mandate to governors Buinosov-Rostovsky and Velyaminov from May 8,compiled on the basis of the report of the clerk Gav-renev, in particular, it was said: ". to those cities to write off the voivods, so that the voivods of the children of boyars and nobles and all service people would be sent to them immediately to serve as the sovereign." In 1648, Little Russian Cossacks were already in the service of the Moscow state, but they were called not “Ukrainians”, but “Cherkassians” (they are also mentioned in Gavrenyov's note).
The use of the word "Ukrainians" in the Moscow state no later than the second half of the 16th century. can be seen from the fact that in the Ryazan payment books 1594-1597. the Ukraintsovs are mentioned - nobles of the Kamensky camp of the Pronsky district. The letter of 1607 mentions a serviceman Grigory Ivanov, son of Ukraintsov, who received an estate in Ryazhsky district (modern Ryazan region) from Tsar Vasily Shuisky. The Duma clerk E. I. Ukraintsev (more correctly: Ukraintsov; 1641-1708) is also well known, who signed the Constantinople Peace Treaty of Russia with the Ottoman Empire in 1700. In 1694, Emelyan Ukraintsov compiled for the Discharge Order a pedigree of the Uk-raintsov family, according to which the founder of the surname was a Ryazan nobleman of the middle of the 16th century. Fyodor Andreev, son of Lukin, nicknamed Ukrainian; his father was "placed in Ryazan"that is, somewhat to the east of the aforementioned cities of the Oka Ukraine, as a result of which the distinctive nickname "Ukrainian" and then the surname "Ukraintsovy" could arise. Most likely, Fyodor Ukrainets was not a mythological person: it was his grandchildren who were mentioned in the books of 1594-1597, and his great-grandson - in the letter of 1607. The Oka Ukraine itself was formed for defense against the Horde and acquired special significance from the beginning of the 16th century. in connection with the frequent raids of the Crimeans. In 1492 "totalarians came to Ukraine to the Olexin places." “Ukrainian governors and people”, who successfully repulsed the Crimean raid “on the Grand Duke of Ukraine on the Tula places,” are already mentioned in the letter of 1517. Against the Crimeans in 1507-1531. in Tula, Kashira, Zaraisk, Kolomna, fortresses were erected, permanent garrisons were placed, estates were distributed to the Ukrainian nobles. In 15411542.active hostilities unfolded to the east - near Pronsk (in the Ryazan region), which could lead to the transfer of part of the Ukrainian nobles there.
In the second half of the 17th century. the servants of the Oka Ukraine - "Ukrainians are boyar children" and "Ukrainians are noblemen" - appear in Russian legislation quite often. In the story about the Azov seat, “Ukrainians” are mentioned in the same sense (“the sovereign people of the Ukrainians”, “the governors are the sovereign people of the Ukrainians”, “the evo sovereign people are the Russian Ukrainians”). In the category book, rewritten in the second half of the 17th century, it was written: “And the king came to the Crimea before him on another Thursday on the Great the Tsar and the Grand Duke were visited. " The inhabitants of Little Russia were not called "Ukrainians". For example, in the Dvina Chronicle under 1679, "Yakim the Little Russian and Constantine the Ukrainian" appear.
As we move to the south of the Russian border, the word "Ukrainians" from Poochya also spreads to border servicemen of Sloboda Ukraine. In 1723, Emperor Peter the Great mentions "Ukrainians of the Azov and Kiev provinces" - Ukrainian service people, including those from Slobodskaya Ukraine. However, he clearly distinguishes them from the "Little Russian people". In 1731, the Ukrainian line began to be created in Slobozhanshchina, which protected the Russian borders from the Crimeans. The anonymous author of "Notes on how much I remember about the Crimean and Tatar campaigns", a participant in the 1736 campaign against the Crimeans wrote about how the Tatars faced "our light troops (Zaporozhians and Ukrainians)." During the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, the regiments of the Sloboda Landmillia were formed from the Ukrainians. In 1765 g.here the Slobodskaya Ukrainian province was established (this was the name of the Kharkov province in 1765-1780 and 1797-1835). In 1816-1819. a very popular Ukrainian Bulletin was published at Kharkov University.
When and in what sense did the word "Ukrainians" first begin to be used in relation to Little Russia?
In the I half - the middle of the XVII century. the word “Ukrainians” (Ukraincow) was used by Poles - this is how the Polish gentry in Ukraine were denoted. M. Hrushevsky quotes from 2 reports of the crown hetman N. Potocki dated July 1651, translated from Polish into modern Ukrainian language, in which the hetman uses the term "master of the decoration" to refer to the Polish landowners of Ukraine. The Poles never extended it to the Russian population of Ukraine. Among the peasants with. Snyatynka and Staraye Selo (now Lviv Oblast) in a Polish document of 1644 mentions someone with the personal name "Ukrainets" (Ukrainiec), as well as "Ukrainets' son-in-law" (Ukraincow zi ^ c) 4®. The origin of such a name is not entirely clear, but it is clear that the rest of the population was not, therefore, “Ukrainians”.
From the middle of the XVII century. this term disappears from Polish documents.
Moscow ambassadors A. Pronchishchev and A. Ivanov, sent to Warsaw in 1652, noted in a report that in the Polish capital they met six envoys of Hetman B. Khmelnitsky, among whom was “Ondrej Lysichinsky from Volyn, Ukrainian, and now lives in Boguslav ". The rest of the representatives of Khmelnytsky were natives of central or left-bank Ukraine. It is noteworthy that among all the ambassadors, only one Lisichinsky was named "Ukrainian" (nobleman Andrey Lisovets); thus, the Russian ambassadors meant that Lisichinsky was a Polish nobleman by origin, that is, they used Polish terminology. However, there was no need in Moscow to explain this very definition, which was included in the official report, it was clear to everyone.
However, in the II half of the XVII century. Moscow subjects occasionally begin to use the word "Ukrainians" in relation to the Little Russian Cossacks. Croatian native Y. Krizhanich in 1659, on his way to Moscow, stayed in Ukraine for several months and composed two notes on Little Russian topics ("A confusing description" and "A conversation with a Cherkasy"): they often use the concepts of "Cherkasy" and "Cossacks" but the term "Ukrainians" is missing. However, later, in his work, written in Tobolsk exile in 1663-1666. (opened and published only in 1859), Kri-Zhanich used the word “Ukrainians” twice (in different spellings: once in the nominative case - Ukrayinci, once in the genitive case - Ukraincew) as a synonym for the words “Cherkasy” and “Dnipryane ". Krizhanich also used the concept of "Zaporozhians" (that is, the Cossacks). His work, later called "Politics",Krizhanich wrote in Latin in an eclectic language he had composed - a mixture of Church Slavonic, common Russian and literary Croatian. He invented most of the words himself. In addition, often words of the same meaning, taken from different languages, were used by him as synonyms. The word "Ukrainians" Krizhanich could well borrow from the spoken Russian language (stress and declension were done by him according to the rules of the Russian language, not the Polish language). It is also possible that this concept was independently constructed by Krizhani on the basis of the word "Ukraine" (he was born in the town of Bihac not far from Krajna, where the Krajians lived, that is, the Horutans, or Slovenes). However, this version is much less probable: under "Ukraine" Krizhanich understood both "Dnieper Ukraine" (na Podneprovskay Ukrayine) and Siberia (Ukrayina Russiae), where he was during this period,however, he called only “Cherkasy” “Ukrainians”.
When and in what sense did the Little Russians themselves begin to use the word "Ukrainians"?
From the last third of the 17th century. the word "Ukrainians" in relation to both Cossacks and Sloboda Ukrainians appears in the part of Little Russia that has ceded to the Russian state - in the pro-Moscow circles of the Cossack foremen and clergy. The most striking document in this regard should be considered the "Perestorogi of Ukraine" (1669) - a publicistic treatise written, most likely, by the order of Kiev Colonel V. Dvoretsky. The author calls the Cossacks of the Right-Bank Ukraine “Ukrainians”, to whom the message is addressed (“Cossacks”, “Panov Cossacks”, “Cossack troops”, “Ukrainian people” are also used as synonyms). In relation to the entire Little Russian population, the concepts of "Russian people", "Russian Khrtayans", "Russia" are used (compare here "Moscow and Russia", "Cossacks and all Russia"); sometimes the concepts of "Rus" and "Rus" extend to the Muscovite state. The author of the text demonstrates a good knowledge of the situation within the Russian state. "Perestoroga" was discovered at the end of the 19th century. as part of the Butler's handwritten collection; a convinced supporter of the pro-Russian orientation V. Dvoretsky repeatedly visited Moscow and received the nobility there, it was in 1669 that he fled from the arrest of hetman Doroshenko, arrived in the Russian capital, where he had an audience with the tsar, and returned to Kiev with a letter of grant. "Perestoroga" could well have been written in Moscow (and could not but be coordinated with the Russian authorities), the style of the document itself is similar to the interrogative speeches of Dvoretsky, written in his own hand in the Russian capital. The text of the treatise itself has a complex character and structure, as well as clear traces of semantic editing. The term "Ukrainians" is used in the text "Perestorogi" in precisely those placeswhere the pro-Russian position of the author is most clearly manifested - he seems to speak from the words of his patrons (for example: “It is necessary to take it to the respect of Ukraine, but wherever she was often thundered, the Tedy in the kingdom of Moscow Ukrainians scattered refuge, also the Greeks, and They took them there with help, moreover they could not mash where the Tsar his mlst to Ukraine is shteresue, but liberties, which you will need, nadaye, who will help him to the back of the gold. in everything ").moreover there can be inde and not mash where the Tsar of his mlst to Ukraine is shteresue, but liberties, which you will require, nada, who will return gold to him. Scho will obach everybody in a faceting Moscow pose, as Ukrainians live on the waves, obfit in everything ").moreover there can be inde and not mash where the Tsar of his mlst to Ukraine is shteresue, but liberties, which you will require, nada, who will return gold to him. Scho will obach everybody in a faceting Moscow pose, as Ukrainians live on the waves, obfiti in everything ").
Once the word "Ukrainians" (in the meaning of the Cossacks) was used in "Kroinik about the Polish land" (1673) by the abbot of the Kiev-Mikhailovsky Golden-Domed Monastery Theodosius Sofonovich, who was familiar with the "Perestoroga". In a letter from the archimandrite of Novgorod-Seversky Spassky Monastery Mikhail Lezhaisky to boyar A. Matveyev in 1675, it was said: “I don’t know why the frontier governors of our Ukrainians recently called traitors and hear some treason that we do not see; and if there were anything, I myself would be the first to inform the light of the great sovereign day and night; if you please pre-empt that the voivods in such measures were dangerous and that they did not start such unnecessary news and that the Little Russian troops did not embitter; it is dangerous that from a small spark a large fire does not burn. " It is quite obvious that the archimandrite uses a concept well known in Moscow,and has in mind the border military people (Cossacks) of Ukraine.
In the poems of the Little Russian poet Klimenty Zinoviev, who wrote during the time of Peter and Mazepa, the only time was mentioned "Ukrainian of the Little Russian breed" (in the collective sense), that is, a clarification was introduced about which specific suburban "Ukrainians" were in this case. The chronicle of S. V. Velichko (compiled between 1720 and 1728, is distinguished by poetic exaggerations, an uncritical attitude to sources and ornate language) includes a document of dubious origin, allegedly dated 1662 - a letter from the Zaporozhians to Yu. Khmelnitsky. The document contains the following phrases: “Do not forget, moreover, that we, the lower Zaporozhye army, will soon rise to you, and all the obscene Ukrainians, our brethren, and many others will stand with us, and will want to take revenge on you for insults and ruin …At what hour and from which side the whirlwind will swoop down on you and pick up and carry you away from Chigirin, you yourself will not know, and the Poles and Tatars will be far from your defense. Cossacks on both banks of the Dnieper are called "Ukrainians". The population of Little Russia as a whole Velichko called "the people of the Cossack-Rus". In the Lizoguba Chronicle (according to V. S. Ikonnikov - 1742), “the Dniester and Zabuzhians and other Ukrainians” were mentioned; thus, “Ukrainians” here were called Cossacks - military people from various outskirts of Little Russia.“Ukrainians” here were called Cossacks - military people of various outskirts of Little Russia.“Ukrainians” here were called Cossacks - military people of various outskirts of Little Russia.
A native of the famous Little Russian clan Ya. M. Markovich (1776-1804) in his "Notes on Little Russia, its inhabitants and works" (St. Petersburg, 1798) wrote that the territory "between the rivers Ostrom, Supoy, Dnieper and Vorskla" (t E. Poltava and the south of Chernihiv) "is known under the names of Ukraine, the Steppe and the Field, which is why the inhabitants there are called Ukrainians, Stepoviks and Poleviks." Markovich also called them “steppe Little Russians” and believed that they descended from Russians or Polovtsians who adopted a Cossack way of life; their descendants were resettled by the Polish king Stefan Batory against the Crimean Tatars "on both banks of the Dnieper." “From these Kozaks arose also the Ukrainians, who were formerly the Little Russian army: the remnants of this are the present Cossacks; but they are no longer warriors, but villagers,”Markovich noted. He also reported that these "Ukrainians"although they began to settle in the Yekaterinoslav and Novorossiysk provinces, they nevertheless formed a special class and did not mix with the Little Russians.
When did the entire population of Ukraine-Little Russia begin to be called "Ukrainians"?
The designation "Ukrainians" of the Little Russian Cossacks remained in the 18th century. and outside of Little Russia. Voltaire, in his History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great, uses the term “les Ukraniens” twice (in Chapters 1 and 17), noting that they are called Cossacks (“a united horde of ancient Roxalans, Sarmatians and Tatars”). Following Voltaire, MV Lomonosov also mentions “Ukrainians” in his critical remarks on his work.
However, an expansive interpretation soon appears in literary works. Outstanding military engineer Major General A. I. Rigelman (1720-1789) - Russified German who served in 1745-1749. in Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine, - having retired and in his declining years settled near Chernigov, he wrote "Chronicle narrative about Little Russia and its people and the Cossacks in general" (1785-1786). As already mentioned, the Cossacks lived in the Chernihiv region, in relation to whom the name "Ukrainians" was used. Rigelman for the first time extended the term “Ukrainians” to the entire population of Ukraine-Little Russia. The concepts "Ukrainians" and "Little Russians", as well as "Ukraine" and "Little Russia" to designate the Dnieper region, were used by the historian as identical. Rigelman considered the Ukrainians to be part of the Russians. Rigelman's manuscript was well known to historians and was involved in research (in particular, D. N. Bantysh-Kamensky in his "History of Little Russia"), but none of the Little Russian historians - Rigelman's contemporaries (P. Simonovsky, S. Lukomsky, etc.) I did not use the word "Ukrainians" in that sense.
A Polish émigré count, later a Russian official, Jan Potocki (1761-1815) published in 1795 in Paris in French a textbook of excerpts from ancient and early medieval writers entitled Historical and Geographical Fragments of Scythia, Sarmatia and the Slavs. In the introduction, he gave a list of Slavic peoples, among which were the "Ukrainians" or "Little Russians" - a Slavic people separate from the "Russians", in ancient times divided into 4 tribes: Polyans, Drevlyans, Tivertsy and Northerners. Pototskiy for the first time (episodically) used the word "Ukrainians" as an ethnonym. It is interesting to note that it appears only 3 times, but in two forms of writing at once (les Uckrainiens, les Ukrainiens). According to the Polish count, the Russian people descended from the Novgorod Slovenes, and the Krivichi, Dregovichi and Buzhanians joined the Ukrainian,Russian and partly Polish peoples. "Tribes of Galich and Vladimir" (Galicia and Volhynia) were produced by Potocki from the Sarmatians. The author did not return to the Ukrainian theme anymore, and the concept itself was not developed either in other works of Potocki or among his contemporaries.
The initiatives of Rigelman and Potocki were not accepted. The word "Ukrainians" in historical, literary and political works until the middle of the 19th century. continued to be used in its previous meanings. Kharkov writer
I. I. Kvitka, Odessa historian A. Skalkovsky, as well as A. S. Pushkin (probably, after Markovich and Kvitka) called the Little Russian Cossacks "Ukrainians". In the drama "Boris Godunov" (1825) G. Otrepiev says about himself: "And finally he fled from his cell / To the Ukrainians, to their violent smoking rooms, / He learned to own a horse and a saber." (scene "Night. Garden. Fountain"). Hence, it is clear that in the Russian version the word initially had an emphasis on the second syllable (Ukrainian), while in Polish (according to the rules of Polish stress) - on the penultimate (Ukrainian).
The previous Peter's meaning of the word was also used. The Decembrist P. I. Pestel (1792-1826) in his "Russian Pravda" divided the "Russian people" into five "shades", distinguished, in his opinion, only by "the way of their management" (ie, the administrative structure): " Russians "," Belorussians "," Russnaks "," Little Russians "and" Ukrainians ". “Ukrainians,” as Pestel noted, inhabit the Kharkov and Kursk provinces. Kharkov playwright G. F. Kvitka (Osnovyanenko) (1778-1843), nephew of I. I. Kvitka, wrote in a small essay “Ukrainians” (1841): “The peoples who inhabited the present Kharkov province were mostly Ukrainians and had one language and one customs, but since their settlement here they have significantly deviated from them to a noticeable difference."
The expansive interpretation was used quite casually. KF Ryleev, who lived among the Slobozhan people for three years, wrote in the sketches of his poem "Nalivaiko" (1824-1825): "Pole, Jew and Uniate // Feast heedlessly, wildly, // All are animated with joy; // Some Ukrainians yearn. " This excerpt ("Spring") was first published only in 1888. In 1834 a young scientist-botanist M. A. Maksimovich published in Moscow "Ukrainian folk songs", in the comments to which he wrote: "Ukrainians or Little Russians make up the eastern half Southern or Black Sea Russ, which had as its focus the God-saved city of Kiev”. However, later, starting to study the history and culture of Little Russia, Maksimovich narrowed the concept of "Ukrainians": in his opinion, this was the name given to the descendants of the Polyans - Cossacks and residents of the Middle Dnieper region. Maksimovich did not consider “Ukrainians” to be a special ethnic group.
When did “Ukrainians” begin to be understood as a separate Slavic people (ethnos)?
At the turn of 1845-1846. in Kiev on the initiative of a young professor at the University of St. Vladimir N. I. In the Charter of the brotherhood, Kostomarov wrote: “We accept that, when uniting, each Slavic tribe should have its own independence, and we recognize as such tribes: South-Russes, North-Russians with Belorussians, Poles, Czechs with [Slo] crowns, Lusatians, Illyro-Serbs with khurutans and Bulgarians”. Thus, the author of the Charter used the artificial word "yuzhno-russy", opposed to them "north russians with Belarusians". However, Kostomarov's supporter Vasily Belozersky wrote an explanatory note to the Charter, which contained the following phrase:"None of the Slavic tribes is obliged to strive for identity to the same extent and excite the rest of the brothers, like we, Ukrainians." It is from this document that the history of the use of the word "Ukrainians" in the ethnic sense can be traced.
Belozersky, a native of Chernigov and a history teacher, could not help but know Rigelman's manuscript kept by his son, Chernigov povet marshal A. A. Rigelman, and was actively used by historians. His brother NA Rigelman (an official in the office of the Kiev governor-general, an employee of the Interim Commission for the Analysis of Ancient Acts) was friends with members of the Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood. In 1847, the manuscript was finally printed in Moscow by O. M. Bodyansky, another good friend of theirs. After the appearance of Belozersky's note, Kostomarov wrote his proclamation “Brothers Ukrainians”, which said the following: “We accept that all Slavs must unite with each other. But so that each people constitutes a special Rzeczpospolita and is not governed together with others; so that each nation has its own language, its own literature,their social structure. We recognize as such peoples: Great Russians, Ukrainians, Polyakov, Chekhov, Luzhichan, Horutan, Illyro-Serbs and Bulgarians. (…) Here are brothers Ukrainians, residents of Ukraine on both sides of the Dnieper, we give you this reflection; read carefully and let everyone think how to achieve this, and how best to do it. " The phrase “both sides of the Dnieper” was often used in the work of Rigelman, which inspired Belozersky and Kostomarov (other works available to him spoke of “both banks”, not “both sides,” and besides, there was no broad interpretation of the concept of “Ukrainians”).how to achieve this, and how best to do it. " The phrase “both sides of the Dnieper” was often used in the work of Rigelman, which inspired Belozersky and Kostomarov (other works available to him spoke of “both banks”, not “both sides,” and besides, there was no broad interpretation of the concept of “Ukrainians”).how to achieve this, and how best to do it. " The phrase “both sides of the Dnieper” was often used in the work of Rigelman, which inspired Belozersky and Kostomarov (other works available to him spoke of “both banks”, not “both sides,” and besides, there was no broad interpretation of the concept of “Ukrainians”).
The evolution of the use of the word "Ukrainians" by another member of the "Brotherhood" - P. A. Kulish is also interesting. In 1845, Kulish (in the then spelling: Kulesh) began publishing his novel Black Rada in the Sovremennik magazine. The original version (in Russian) referred to the "Little Russian people", "Little Russians", "South-Russian people", "Ukrainian people", their inherent "Russian spirit", and also indicated that the inhabitants of Ukraine were "Russians". The Little Russian Cossacks were called “Ukrainians” in the novel, as has been the custom since the end of the 17th - 18th centuries. This word was also found in earlier works of Kulish. For example, the story "The Fiery Serpent" contained the following phrase: "A folk song for a Ukrainian has a special meaning." The story was connected with the town of Voronezh near Glukhov (the birthplace of Kulish himself) - on the border with Slobozhanshchina and not far from the places where,according to Markovich, the descendants of the Cossacks settled. It is important to note that in another work Kulish praised the "Cossack songs". Thus, Kulish's views were close to those of Maksimovich. However, it was from 1846 that Kulish filled the word “Ukrainians” with a different meaning. Since February of this year (that is, at the same time or immediately after the appearance of Belozersky's note), he began to publish his Tale of the Ukrainian People in the St. Petersburg magazine Zvezdochka. It featured "the people of South Russia, or Little Russia" and "South Russians, or Ukrainians." The author noted that this special Slavic people living in Russia and Austria, and differs from the "Northern Russian" "language, clothing, customs and manners", and its history began with Prince As-kold. It is interesting that in the last paragraph of his work, Kulish nevertheless noted that “the Cossacks-villagers,the descendants of the city Cossacks (…) differ from other Ukrainians in the purity of the folk type."
However, the use of the word "Ukrainians" in the ethnic sense in the middle of the 19th century. was accidental and just as artificial as the concept of "South Russia". Both of these concepts were equally not considered self-names. It is noteworthy that one of the most radical members of the Brotherhood, TG Shevchenko, never used the word "Ukrainians". Since the 1850s. Kulish used it in his historical works along with the "Little Russians", "Southern Russians", "Polish Russians". At the same time, he refused to represent the "Ukrainians" as an ethnos and wrote: "The Northern and Southern Russian people are one and the same tribe." In private correspondence, "Ukrainians" were clearly distinguished by them from "Galicians". Having revised his previous views, Kostomarov wrote in 1874: “In the popular speech, the word“Ukrainian”was not used and is not used in the sense of the people; it means only the inhabitant of the region:whether he is a Pole or a Jew, it is all the same: he is Ukrainian if he lives in Ukraine; it doesn't matter how, for example, a citizen of Kazan or a Saratov citizen means a resident of Kazan or Saratov. " Referring to the historical tradition of word usage, the historian, in addition, noted: “Ukraine meant (…) in general any outskirts. Neither in Little Russia, nor in Great Russia, this word had no ethnographic meaning, but only geographic. " Philologist M. Levchenko, on the basis of his own ethnographic research and in accordance with the opinion of Maksimovich, pointed out that "Ukrainians are residents of the Kiev province, which is called Ukraine." According to him, they were part of the "South Russians" or "Little Russians", which it would be more correct to call "Rusyns". Referring to the historical tradition of word usage, the historian, in addition, noted: “Ukraine meant (…) in general any outskirts. Neither in Little Russia, nor in Great Russia, this word had no ethnographic meaning, but only geographic. " Philologist M. Levchenko, on the basis of his own ethnographic research and in accordance with the opinion of Maksimovich, pointed out that "Ukrainians are residents of the Kiev province, which is called Ukraine." According to him, they were part of the "South Russians" or "Malorussians", which it would be more correct to call "Rusyns". Referring to the historical tradition of word usage, the historian, in addition, noted: “Ukraine meant (…) in general any outskirts. Neither in Little Russia, nor in Great Russia, this word had no ethnographic meaning, but only geographic. " Philologist M. Levchenko, on the basis of his own ethnographic research and in accordance with the opinion of Maksimovich, pointed out that "Ukrainians are residents of the Kiev province, which is called Ukraine." According to him, they were part of the "South Russians" or "Little Russians", which it would be more correct to call "Rusyns".that "Ukrainians are residents of the Kiev province, which is called Ukraine." According to him, they were part of the "South Russians" or "Little Russians", which it would be more correct to call "Rusyns".that "Ukrainians are residents of the Kiev province, which is called Ukraine." According to him, they were part of the "South Russians" or "Malorussians", which it would be more correct to call "Rusyns".
The representation of the late 17th - 18th centuries was also preserved. about the Cossack etymology of the word "Ukrainians". The poem by P. Chubinsky (1862), which was the basis for the modern anthem of Ukraine, said: “They have not yet died in Ukraine! w w glory, w will, / For us, brothers adorn, smile at the share! (…) I will show you, brother, a Cossack family. " A little later, the magazine "Kievskaya starina" published a poem by an unknown author "The response of the Little Russian Cossacks to the Ukrainian Slobozhan [Satire on the Slobozhanians]", in which the word "Ukrainians" appeared to denote the Cossacks. The text of the poem was allegedly found in the Glukhiv archive of the Little Russian Collegium, it had no dating, but was associated with the events of 1638 and was presented as quite ancient. However, the original text of the Answer is unknown, and its style allows us to judgethat in fact the work was created shortly before publication. It should be noted that Kostomarov, in particular, considered the presence of the word “Ukrainians” in the published texts of old Little Russian songs as one of the signs of forgery.
Historian S. M. Soloviev back in 1859-1861. used the word "Ukrainians" to refer to the inhabitants of various Russian outskirts - both Siberian and Dnieper. Gr. A. K. Tolstoy in his satirical "Russian history from Gostomysl to Timashev" (1868) wrote about Catherine II, who extended serfdom to Little Russia: "And immediately attached / Ukrainians to the ground." In contrast to such word usage, the radical publicist V. Kelsiev used this concept to designate the Galicians-Ukrainophiles.
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. the word “Ukrainians” was usually used not in an ethnic, but in a geographical sense (after Rigelman, late Kulish and late Kostomarov), denoting the population of Ukraine. In the geographical sense, the concept of "Ukrainians" began to be actively used by the public figure M. P. Dragomanov (1841-1895). In his works, published since the 1880s, Drahomanov first distinguished between "Ukrainians" ("Russian Ukrainians", "Ukrainian-Russians") and "Galician-Russian people" ("Galicians", "Rusyns"), but later he united them into "Rusyns-Ukrainians". Drahomanov considered the Glades to be the ancestors of the “Ukrainians”. Be that as it may, he included the territories of Little Russia, Novorossia (excluding Crimea), Don and Kuban regions, Polesie, Galicia and Sub-Carpathians within the boundaries of the "Ukrainian land". Drahomanov's niece, poet L. Kosach-Kvitka (1871-1913; pseudonym:Lesya Ukrainka) also distinguished between “Ukrainians” and “Galicians” (“Galician Rusyns”), but considered them one people. Interestingly, the translation into German of her own poem "To be or not to be?.." (1899) Lesya Ukrainka signed as follows: "Aus dem Kleinrussischen von L. Ukrainska" (literally: "From Little Russian L. Ukrainian"). In other words, L. Kosach-Kvitka understood her pseudonym not in an ethnic, but in a geographical sense (a resident of Ukraine-Little Russia). I. Franko, who wrote about a single "Ukrainian-Russian people", called himself a "Rusyn". L. Kosach-Kvitka understood her pseudonym not in an ethnic, but in a geographical sense (a resident of Ukraine-Little Russia). I. Franko, who wrote about a single "Ukrainian-Russian people", called himself a "Rusyn". L. Kosach-Kvitka understood her pseudonym not in an ethnic, but in a geographical sense (a resident of Ukraine-Little Russia). I. Franko, who wrote about a single "Ukrainian-Russian people", called himself a "Rusyn".
During the First World War, the Russian military commanders distinguished between “Rusyns” (Galicians) and “Ukrainians”, understanding the latter as servicemen of the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (OSS): “The Kremenets regiment in the Makuvka area took 2 Rusyns from the Dolar battalion. They showed that at the same height there are two companies of the Ukrainians of the Secheviks, where some of the officers' positions are occupied by women."
When did the active use of the word "Ukrainians" begin in the modern ethnic sense?
Professor of Lemberg (Lvov) University (in 1894-1914), later chairman of the Ukrainian Central Rada and Soviet academician M. S. Hrushevsky (1866-1934) in his "History of Ukraine-Rus" (10 volumes, published in 1898-1937.) tried to use the word "Ukrainians" in an ethnic sense. Hrushevsky actively introduced the concepts of "Ukrainian tribes" and "Ukrainian people" into the historiography of Ancient Rus and the pre-state period. At the same time, in his "History" the word "Ukrainians" ("Ukrainian") is used in relation to events before the 17th century. very rare. At the same time, the terms “Russian” and “Rusyn” are very often mentioned, the synonym for which in Hrushevsky is the concept “Ukrainian”. In their political activities, Hrushevsky and his associates began to actively use this word in the weekly Ukrainian Bulletin (published in 1906. Petersburg) and the magazine Ukrainian Life (published in 1912-1917 in Moscow). Only at the beginning of the twentieth century. begins the opposition of the concepts "Ukrainian" and "Little Russian".
Only after the victory of the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, the word “Ukrainians” gradually began to gain widespread use. In official documents, it was still rarely used - in the station wagons of the "Central Rada" it appears only twice, and it is used arbitrarily, as the political situation changes. In Universal II (July 3, 1917), “Ukrainians” are understood in a geographical sense: “Hromadians of the land of the Ukrainian. (…) So torkaetsya complete set of vshskovyh parts, then for this Central Rada matime svo! x representatives under the Kabshep of the Vshskovy Msh1stra, under the Generalshm Headquarters1 and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, I will have a lot of brothers on the right, a complete set of okremih parts, viciously Ukrainians. III Universal (November 7, 1917), published after the seizure of power in Petrograd by the Bolsheviks, attached ethnic meaning to the word "Ukrainians": (…) Until the Teritorp Narodno! Nice! Republics to lay down land1, settled near the former Ukrainians: Kshvschina, Pod1lya, Volin, Chershpvschina, Poltava, Harshvschina, Katerinoslavschina, Kherson, Tauria (without Krimu)."
In the ethnic sense and as a self-name, the word "Ukrainians" at the official level finally took root only with the creation of the Ukrainian SSR. In Galicia, this happened only after its territory became part of the USSR / Ukrainian SSR in 1939, in Transcarpathia - in 1945.
So:
- Initially (from the 16th century) the border servicemen of the Moscow state who served on the Oka river against the Crimeans were called "Ukrainians". - From the II half of the XVII century. under Russian influence, the concept of "Ukrainians" spread to Slobozhanians and Little Russian Cossacks. From that time on, it gradually began to be used in Little Russia itself. - By the end of the 18th century. the first attempts of Russian and Polish writers to use the word "Ukrainians" refer to the entire Little Russian population. - The use of the word "Ukrainians" in the ethnic sense (to denote a separate Slavic ethnos) began in the middle of the 19th century. in the circles of the Russian radical intelligentsia. - “Ukrainians” as a self-name took root only in Soviet times.
Thus, having arisen no later than the XVI century. and gradually spreading from Moscow to Transcarpathia, the word "Ukrainians" completely changed its meaning: originally meaning the border service people of the Moscow state, it ultimately acquired the meaning of a separate Slavic ethnic group.
Author: Fedor Gaida
