Around the world, many artifacts and ruins have been found that cast doubt on the modern chronology of the development of human civilization.
Here are a few places that have sparked a lot of discussion. Some consider them to be proof of the existence of advanced prehistoric civilizations. Individual structures have been submerged because sea levels have risen over thousands of years.
1. Bosnian pyramid: 25,000 years
In 2012, two Italian archaeologists, Dr. Ricardo Bret and Niccolo Bisconti, discovered a fragment of organic material on the pyramid. They carried out radiocarbon analysis to determine the age of the pyramid. He showed that the pyramid is more than 20,000 years old. This means that it was built before the birth of the Sumerian civilization and Babylon, which are considered the oldest on Earth.
When the Bosnian pyramid was first discovered in 2005, scientists were only able to determine the age of the soil layer, which was 12,000 years old.
Dr. Semir Osmanagic, who studies the Bosnian pyramid, told NTD Television: "Organic material found on the Pyramid of the Sun and biological analysis indicate that it is over 12,500 years old."
Since the pyramid was covered with soil and vegetation, people believed it was just a hill until stone structures were discovered under the soil. It was known as Vysoko Hill.
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Osmanagich was supported by some scientists, but there are also skeptics. Robert Schoch, a geologist at Boston University who studied the Bosnian pyramid for 10 days, declared in 2009 that it was a natural formation, according to Smithsonian magazine. He was supported by Paul Heinrich, a geologist at the University of Louisiana. Heinrich said: "The formation that Osmanagich called the pyramid is actually quite common in nature … In America they are called flatirons, in the western United States they are often found."
Enver Buza, a scientist at the Geodesic Institute in Sarajevo, wrote in his article that the pyramid is "clearly oriented to the north." Some argue that the excitement around the Bosnian pyramids was hyped for political purposes.
2. Göbekli Tepe, Turkey: 11,000 years
Göbekli Tepe - structures of massive stone megaliths in Turkey, which are 6,000 years older than Stonehenge. Archaeologist Klaus Schmidt believes that this is the oldest cult site on Earth, at least 11,000 years old. But from the point of view of generally accepted science, in this era people did not even engage in agriculture, let alone the construction of such structures.
Stanford archaeologist Jan Hodder said in an interview with Smithsonian magazine that Göbekli Tepe could revolutionize science's understanding of ancient civilizations.
"The dating of this place is correct, there is no doubt about it," Klaus Schmidt said in a radio interview. The age was determined using radiocarbon analysis and by analyzing nearby structures. Schmidt is convinced that Göbekli Tepe was built 11,000 years ago.
“We did not expect that in a society of gatherers and hunters, they could organize such complex work as transporting megaliths,” he says.
Radar scans have revealed 16 more megaliths underground, according to a Smithsonian magazine article. Even after 50 years, the excavation at Göbekli Tepe will still have a lot of work to do, Schmidt said.
On the megaliths there are images of spiders, predators, waterfowl and other animals.
3. Yonaguni, Japanese Atlantis: 8000 years
Large structures off the coast of the Yonaguni Islands are often cited as proof of the existence of prehistoric civilizations. Proponents of this theory believe that they were built over 8000 years ago.
British journalist Graham Hancock and Professor Masaaki Kimura of Okinawa studied these structures after they were discovered by a diver in 1987.
Kimura supported Honkok's idea that this structure is either man-made or natural formations that have been transformed by man.
“They look like a monument,” Hancock said in an interview with the BBC. “It has unusual features. There are steps and terraces carved from the side. It is oriented to the cardinal points. These structures have all the hallmarks of a cult or religious building."
The skeptic Schoch disagrees. He told the BBC that part of the structure "looks like it was made by man," but these structures could have formed naturally:
"I think they should be considered a natural formation until evidence to the contrary is found." However, he does not consider this point of view final and unconditional, says his 1999 article.
"These cryptic structures deserve a closer look," he wrote.
4. Bay of Cambay, Israel: 9,500 years
At the bottom of Lake Kinneret, also known as the Sea of Galilee, lies a mysterious massive structure that is more than 9,500 years old.
It was discovered by the National Institute of Oceanology in 2000. The structure is cone-shaped, made of unpolished basalt cobblestones and boulders, weighs almost 60,000 tons and is 9.7 m high. It has only been studied by sonar scanning and sample analysis. soil. During soil sampling, one artifact was raised. Analysis showed that it was created in 7500 BC. BC, Princeton University reported.
The Princeton University website explains why some archaeologists disagree with the dating: “The main complaint is that the artifact was raised during a scoop rather than a regulated archaeological dig. As a result, some archaeologists say he has nothing to do with the site."
Dani Nadel, an archaeologist at the University of Haifa, told Fox News: “This is a very mysterious find, very interesting. The most important thing: we do not know who and why created it, what are its functions. We only know that it is there, it is huge and unusual,”he said.
It can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to excavate the site, Fox News reported.
5. Bimini Road: 12,000 years old
Submarine structures off the coast of the Bahamas have divided scientists into two groups since they were discovered in 1968.
Scientists from the first group argue that these are artificial structures of 12,000-19,000 years old, although civilization appeared only about 5,000 years ago. The second group is confident that this is a natural formation.
Little is a psychologist who took a keen interest in Bimini and participated in multiple dives with archaeologist William Donato to study the structures.
Donato told The Epoch Times in an email that the line of stones forms a breakwater built to protect the prehistoric settlement from the waves. During their dives, Donato and Little found a multi-level structure with support stones, which, in their opinion, were placed there by people.
Two scuba divers also said they found anchor stones with holes for the rope. At least one stone was later investigated at the University of Colorado, revealing tool marks that had been shaped, functionally worn and eroded.
In a 2005 article, Little wrote that, using neutron activation analysis, scientists compared nearby coastal stones to those of the Bimini wall. They found that the Bimini stones had fewer trace elements, and suggested that they were made elsewhere and then transported to that location.
Dr. Eugene Shinn, a retired geologist with 30 years at the American Geological Society, claims that Bimini is formed from beach sandstone. Due to the climate in this region, sand and other materials on the shore are cemented relatively quickly to form rocks. Then the rocks were submerged because the sea level had risen.
By Tara McIsaac