Most of the information given below is almost never used in scientific research due to the fact that they do not fit into the accepted Normanist and anti-Normanist concepts of the beginning of Russia.
Some news is artificially tied to Kiev (in particular, reports of marriages of German counts and dukes with Russian princesses and princesses). The erroneous use of the ethnonym also needs to be explained, since errors can be inspired by some kind of ideas that go into the distant past. Naturally, the most convincing concept will be the one that leaves the least unexplained. Here are reproduced, in particular, many information that relate to the Danube and the Baltic States.
1. 1st century. Tacitus (c. 55-120) mentions Rugov on the southern coast of the Baltic.
2. II-III centuries. Jordan (6th century) reports about the struggle of the Goths in the Baltic with the Rugs, who were stronger than the Germans "in body and spirit" and nevertheless were defeated by the Goths.
3. Between 307-314 years. In the Verona Document, the Rugi are named among the Roman federates.
4. Until 337. The Byzantine writer of the first half of the 14th century, Nicephorus Grigora, mentions a Russian prince who held a court position under the Emperor Constantine.
5. Second half of the 4th century. Jordan mentions horns as part of the state of Hermanarich, and then speaks of the Rosomon (or Rosomon) tribe, which has gone out of control.
6. Between 379-395 years. The Book of Degrees (XVI century) speaks of the "battle with the Russian warriors " of the emperor Theodosius. The information was borrowed, apparently, from the life of the Egyptian hermit Ivan mentioned here. It also mentions the attack of the Rus on the "Selunsky Grad". The news goes back to the Life of Dmitry Solunsky.
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7. 434-435 years. Rugs appear on the Sava River near the city of Novieduna (present-day Yugoslavia), where they clash with the Goths.
8. 454 years. Part of the Rrugs sided with the Huns and with them was defeated by the Gepids and the tribes who were on their side, including most of the Rugs. The defeated retreated from the Danube to the Dnieper and the Black Sea, and partially retreated to the Adriatic coast. Some rugs, according to Jordan, received places for settlements in cities adjacent to Constantinople.
9. 469 years. The Rugi are defeated by the Goths in the fight for Pannonia.
10. 476 years. Odoacer (according to Jordan - Rrug, according to other sources - Skirr), at the head of an army consisting of Rugs, Skirrs, Turkilians, overthrew the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire. In the later tradition, he is called the Russian prince, Gerul from the island of Rügen, the Slavic prince. His descendants will rule in Styria, and in the XII century also in the Austrian Duchy. A clan and some Bohemian surnames originated from Odoacer.
11 487 a year. Odoacer captured the king of the rugs Feletheus and his mother Giza and executed them in Ravenna for attempting to invade Italy at the instigation of the Byzantine emperor Zeno.
12 488 a year. Odoacer defeated Feletey's nephew Frederic and ravaged his possessions in the Danube. Frederick fled to the King of the Goths Theodoric.
13 489 a year. Theodoric opposed Odoacer. Rouge is present in both troops.
14 493 a year. Theodoric treacherously killed Odoacer. Rugi Frederick participated in the proclamation of Theodoric king of Italy.
15. Mid-6th century. The Rugi (rogi) seized power in Italy for some time, elevating their leader Erarich to the royal table.
16. 568. The Avars occupied Pannonia, and the Lombards marched through Rugiland into northern Italy.
17. VI century. The Syrian author Pseudo-saccharius mentions a people growing up in the Black Sea region.
18. VI century. The historian of the beginning of the XI century, as-Sa'alibi, in his story about the construction of the Derbent wall by Khosrov I (531-579), along with the Turks and Khazars, names the Rus.
19. VI century. The Caspian author of the 15th century, Zahir ad-din Mar'ashi, mentions the Rus in the region of the North Caucasus.
20 626 a year. The Byzantine poet Konstantin Manassi (XII century) names the Russians among those who besieged Constantinople together with the Avars.
21 643 a year. The Arab author at-Tabari (838-923) twice names the Rus as enemies of the world, especially the Arabs.
22. 765 (or 773) years. The Byzantine chronicler Theophano (d. 817) mentions Russian Helandia (ships). Normanists read the Greek "ta rousia" as "red."
23. 773-774 years. In the French poem about Ogier the Dane (XII-XIII centuries), the Russian Count Erno is mentioned, who led the Russian detachment that defended Pavia, the capital of the Lombards, from the army of Charlemagne. In Northern Italy, the Rus occupied the Garda region near Verona (the Scandinavians called Eastern Russia "Gards").
24. Ok. 778 years old. The Song of Roland (records of the XII-XIV centuries) names the Rus among the opponents of the Frankish army. "Russian raincoats" are also mentioned.
25. Late VIII - early IX century. In the poem by Renaud de Monteban (late 12th - early 13th century), a Russian count is named among the associates of Charlemagne.
26. In the poem "Sesn" (end of the XII century) the Russian giant Fierabras stands on the side of Gyteklen-Vidukind of Saxony against Charlemagne. "Fierabras from Russia " is a giant "with a beautiful mane of light brown and curly hair, a reddish beard and a scarred face."
27. In the poem "Fierabras" (second half of the XII - beginning of the XIII century) - the hero Fierabras, the son of the Emir Balan, - the king of Alexandria and Babylon, as well as the ruler of Cologne and Russia. Once captured, he becomes a loyal servant of Charlemagne.
28. In the poem "Flooan" 12 peers of Charlemagne, being in captivity, beat the Saracen leaders and the Russian king.
29. In the poem "Folk from Candia" (XII century), Ganita the Beautiful received Rus and the "Amoravs" as her inheritance. In the absence of her father, she surrenders the city to the Franks and is baptized.
30. End of the VIII century. The Russian prince Bravlin is mentioned in the Life of Stephen of Sourozh. The name of the prince probably comes from Bravalla, during which in 786 there was a great battle between the Danes and the Frisians. The Frisians were defeated, and many of them left their country, moving to the east.
31. End of the VIII century. Bavarian geographer calls Rus next to the Khazars, and some Ros (Rothesay) somewhere between the rivers Elbe and Sala: Attorosy, Vilirosy, Hozirosy, Casting.
32. VIII-IX centuries. Popes Leo III (795-816), Benedict III (855-858) and other table-holders sent special messages to the " clerics of the horns." Apparently, the Rrug communities (they were Arians) continued to keep themselves apart from the rest of the Christians.
33.839. The Bertine annals report on the arrival of representatives of the people to Louis I the Pious with the ambassadors of the Byzantine emperor Theophilus, whose ruler bore the title of kagan.
34. Until 842. The life of George of Amastridsky reports on the attack of the dews on Amastrida (Asia Minor).
35. Between 836-847, Al-Khorezmi in a geographical work mentions the Russian Mountain, from which the river Dr. mustache (Dnieper?). There is also news in a treatise of the second half of the 10th century (Khudud al-Alam), where it is specified that the mountain is located to the north of the "Inner Bulgarians".
36.844. Al-Yakubi reports on the Rus attack on Seville in Spain.
37.844. Ibn Khordadbeh calls the Rus a species or a genus of the Slavs (two editions of his work are known).
38 June 18, 860. Dew attack on Constantinople.
39.861. Constantine-Cyril The philosopher, the future creator of the Slavic alphabet, discovered in the Crimea the Gospel and the Psalter written in Russian letters, and, having met with a person who spoke this language, learned the spoken language and deciphered the writing.
40. IX century. According to the Persian historian Fakhr ad-din Mubarakshah (XIII century), the Khazars had a letter that came from the Russian. The Khazars borrowed it from the nearby living "branch of the Rumians" (Byzantines), whom they call the Russians. There are 21 letters in the alphabet, which are written from left to right, without the letter Aleph, as in Aramaic or Syriac-Nestorian writing. The Khazar Jews had this letter. Alans are believed to be called Russ in this case.
41.863. In the document confirming the previous award, Rusaramarch (Rusarov brand) is mentioned in the territory of modern Austria.
42. Ok. 867 year. Patriarch Photius in the district letter informs about the baptism of the dews (the area of residence is unknown).
43. Ok. 867 year. The Byzantine emperor Basil, in a letter to Louis II, who accepted the title of emperor, applies the title of kagan, equal to the royal one, in relation to four peoples: Avars, Khazars, Bulgarians and Normans. The news is usually associated with the mention of the kagan among the Russians under the year 839 (see indication 33), as well as in a number of eastern and proper Russian sources.
44. Ok. 874 years old. Rome's protege, Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople, sent a bishop to Russia.
45.879. The first mention of the Russian Diocese of the Constantinople Patriarchate, which was apparently located in the city of Russia in the Eastern Crimea. This diocese has existed until the 12th century.
46.879. Baptism of the dews by Emperor Basil (message of John Skilitsa).
47. Until 885. The Chronicle of Dalimila at the beginning of the 14th century calls the Archbishop of Moravia Methodius a Rusyn.
48. Until 894. The Czech chronicle of Pulkava at the end of the 14th century includes Polonia and Russia in Moravia during the era of the Moravian prince Svyatopolk (871-894).
49. The historian of the middle of the 15th century, later Pope Pius II, Aeneas Sylvius speaks of the subordination of Svyatopolk to Rome, Polonius, Hungaria (later Hungary, formerly the region of the Huns) and the Rusans - Rus.
50. In the "Chronicle of the whole world" by Martin Velsky (16th century) and the chronograph of the Western Russian edition (16th century), it is said that Svyatopolk "held the Russian lands." Svyatopolk "with the Russian boyar " baptized the Czech prince Borzhivo.
51. The Czech chronicler Hagetius (d. 1552) recalls that Russia was formerly part of the Moravian kingdom.
52. A number of Eastern authors retells the story about the Russians living on the island “in three days' journey” (about 100 km), whose ruler was called Khakan.
53. Late IX - early X century. Al-Balkhi (c. 850-930) speaks of three groups of Rus: Kuyab, Slavia, Arsania. The closest to Bulgar on the Volga is Kuyaba, the most distant is Slavia.
54. Ok. 904 years old. The Raffelstetten trade charter (Austria) speaks of the Slavs coming "from Rugia ". Researchers usually choose between Rugiland on the Danube, Rugia in the Baltic and Kievan Rus.
55. 912-913 years. The Rus campaign to the Caspian from the Black Sea, noted by the Arab scientist Masudi (mid-10th century) and other eastern authors.
56. 921-922 years. Ibn Fadlan described the Rus whom he saw in Bulgar.
57. Ok. 935 year. The charter of the tournament in Magdeburg names among the participants Velemir, the prince (princeps) of Russia, as well as those performing under the banner of the Duke of Thuringia Otto Redebotto, Duke of Russia and Wenceslav, Prince Rugia. The document was published among other Magdeburg acts by Melchior Goldast (17th century).
58.941 . Dews or Rus attack on Byzantium. The Greek authors Theophanes, the Successor of George Amartolus and Simeon the Magister (all mid-10th century) explain at the same time that the dews are "dromites" (that is, immigrants, migrants, fidgets) originating "from the Franks clan." In the Slavic translation of the Chronicle of George Amartol, the last phrase is translated as "from the Varangian clan." Lombard Liudprand (c. 958) wrote a story in which he called the Rus "the northern people", whom the Greeks "in appearance are called the Rus" (ie, "red"), and the inhabitants of Northern Italy "by their location Normans." In northern Italy "Normans" were called those living north of the Danube, in southern Italy the Lombards themselves were identified with the northern Veneti.
59. Until 944. In the Jewish-Khazar correspondence of the 10th century, the “ king of the Rus Khlgu” is mentioned, who first attacked the Khazars, and then, at their instigation, under Roman Lakapin (920-944) went to the Greeks, where he was defeated by Greek fire. Ashamed to return to his country, Halegwa went to Persia (in another version - Thrace), where he died along with the army.
60. 943-944 years. A number of eastern sources close to the events speak of the Rus campaign against Berdaa (Azerbaijan).
61.946. This year is dated a document in which the Baltic Sea is called the " sea of rugs ". A similar name is repeated in a document of 1150.
62. Between 948-952. Konstantin Porphyrogenitus mentions Russia "near" and "distant", and also gives a parallel designation of the names of the Dnieper rapids in Russian and in Slavic.
63. 954-960 years. Rany-Rugi are in alliance with Otto I, helping him in the conquest of the rebellious Slavic tribes. As a result, all the tribes living by the sea " against Russia " were subdued. Likewise, Adam of Bremen and Helmold define the location of the Rugov Island as "opposite the land of the Wilts."
64.959. The embassy to Otto I, “ Queen of the Rugs Helena ” (Olga), who had been baptized by the Byzantine emperor Roman shortly before, with a request to send a bishop and priests. Libucius, a monk of the Mainz monastery, was appointed bishop in Russia. But Libucius died in 961. Instead, Adalbert was appointed, who made a trip to the rugs in 961-962. The venture, however, ended in complete failure: the missionaries were driven out by the rulers. The message about these events is described by the so-called Continuer of Reginon, behind whom researchers see Adalbert himself. In other chronicles, instead of Rugia, Russia is called.
65. Mid X century. Masudi mentions the Russian River and the Russian Sea. In the view of Masudi, the Russian Sea - Pontus are connected to the Ocean Bay (Baltic Sea), and the Rus are called islanders, who rotate a lot on ships.
66. Second half of the 10th century. The Jewish collection of Josippon (Joseph ben Gorion), compiled in southern Italy, places the Russians immediately on the shores of the Caspian Sea, and along the “Great Sea” - “Ocean” next to the Angles and Saxons. The confusion, apparently, was facilitated by the mention in the Caspian regions, in addition to the Rus, also of the Saksin people in a number of sources.
67.965. Ibn Yakub visited the German (Holy Roman) Empire on a diplomatic mission and met with Otto I. In a report on the trip (included in the essay of the 11th century author al-Bekri), he describes the Slavic lands and names the Rus, which border in the east with the Polish possessions. Prince Meshko, as well as from the west on ships, they attack the Prussians.
68.967. Pope John XIII with a special bull, which authorized the establishment of a Prague bishopric, prohibited the attraction of priests from the Russian and Bulgarian people and the worship in the Slavic language. The document is reproduced in the Chronicle of Kozma of Prague (c. 1125), and also by the Annalist Saxon (c. 1140).
69.968. Adalbert was approved by the Magdeburg Archbishop. The letter recalls that he had previously traveled to the rugs.
70 969 a year. The Magdeburg annals call the inhabitants of the island of Rügen Russians.
71. 968-969 years. Ibn Hawqal and other eastern authors say about the defeat of Russ Volga Bulgaria and the Khazars, after which the army Russ took to Byzantium to Andalusia (Spain). In the annals, these events are dated 6472-6473, which according to the Constantinople era should mean 964-965. But in the texts of the X century, another space era is often used, four years different from the Constantinople era, and therefore the chronicle indicates the same dates as the eastern sources. As for the campaigns in Spain, we could talk about other Russians.
72.973. Lambert of Hersfeld (XI century) speaks of the arrival at the court of Otto II in Quedlinburg, among others and ambassadors of the Rus.
73. Ok. 990-992 years. The document "Dagome Udex" mentions the place of Rousse, adjacent to Prussia, and also indicates that the border of Rus extends to Krakow. We can talk about Rusyns, whose settlements in the Carpathians adjoined directly to Krakow.
74.992. The Hildesheim annals (XI century) mention the impending war against the Russians for the Polish prince Boleslav.
75. Until 995. In the saga about Olav Tryggvason (lists of the XIII-XIV centuries), it is said about the stay of Olav in Russia at the court of Vladimir. Mentioned is his mother (or wife) the seer Allogy, obviously the historical Olga. This spelling of the name of the princess allowed the anti-Normanists of the last century to reject the Scandinavian etymology of the name (from Helga). According to the saga, Olav suggested to Vladimir the idea of adopting Christianity, which is practically the only argument of Catholic historians trying to ascribe to Rome the merit of the Christianization of Rus.
76.997. In some lists Life of St. Adalbert, who died in Prussia, murderers called Ruthenians, instead of Prussia called Rousseau.
77. Ok. 1002 years old. The commentator of Adam of Bremen (about 1075) speaks of the submission of Boleslav the Brave in alliance with Otto III (d. 1002) of all Slavonia, Russia and Prussia. Slavonia - Western Pomerania or all the lands of the Baltic Slavs.
78. 1008-1009 years. Bruno of Querfurt visited Kiev and gave a description of the trip in a letter to Henry II. After a trip to the Pechenegs, he went to the Prussians and was killed on the border of Prussia and Russia. In the life of Romuald, written in 1040 by Peter Damiani, Bruno is mentioned as a missionary who baptized Russia.
79. Ok. 1010. Leo of Ostia (late 11th century), talking about the Melo uprising in the city of Bari (Southern Italy) against Greek rule, recalls that these areas were annexed by the Greeks with the help of the allied Danes, Russians and Gualans under Otto I (d. 973).
80. The beginning of the XI century. The genealogy of the Welf family (XII century) mentions the granddaughter of Otto I, daughter of Count Kuno von Ennigen, who married the " king of rugs ". It is assumed that Vladimir was meant, although there is no evidence to support such an assumption.
81. 1013. Svyatopolk, the son of Yaropolk Svyatoslavich, married to the daughter of Boleslav the Brave, at the instigation of the Kolobrzeg bishop Rainburn, raised an uprising against Vladimir's stepfather, the Kiev prince. Vladimir captured the rebels in Turov and imprisoned them. These events either preceded or followed the attack on Russia by Boleslav.
82. 1016. Edmund Ironside, the English king, was killed, and his sons fled from the Great Cnut, who seized the throne, to Russia. This version is given by Adam Bremen. The plot was reflected in many sources. In a commentary to the "Laws of Edward the Confessor", approved, according to legend, by William the Conqueror approx. 1070, in this connection it is called “the land of the Rugs, which we call Russia.” The commentary is also included in the Chronicle of Orderic Vitaly (d. 1143) and Roger of Hovedan (d. 1201). The verse chronicle of Geoffrey Heymard (1135-1140) says that the fugitives "in five days" drove through Russiacompleting the trip to Hungary. In the senior list of the chronicle, instead of Russia, Susia is named. Susa is a Slavic tribe that lived in Vagria, by whose name the territory occupied by them or the whole of Vagria was sometimes called Susia. Information about the stay of Edmund's sons in Hungary is accurate. Edmund's son Edward returned to England from Hungary in 1057, where he had stayed for about forty years, and soon died in England under suspicious circumstances.
83. 1019. A French author writing in the first half of the 11th century reports that the French Normans who arrived in Bari were defeated at Cannes by the " Russian people."
84. 1027. According to the Bari annals, the Byzantine commander Orestes brought an army consisting of Russians, Vandals, Gualans, Turks, Bulgarians, Volokhs, Macedonians, and others to southern Italy. Obviously, another detachment of Russians was operating in 1019.
85. 1031. In the Hildesheim Annals it is reported that after the conclusion of the German-Hungarian peace "Henry, son of King Stephen, Duke of Russia, died a grievous death, torn to pieces by a boar while hunting." We are talking about Imre, the son of Istvan I. The title of Imre is usually compared with the mention of the "Ruthenian mark" (see below).
86. Until 1035. The commentator of Adam of Bremen notes that Knut the Great (d. 1035) "gave his sister Estrel to wife for the son of the king of Russia." Yaroslav Kievsky did not have adult sons yet.
87. 1032-1034 years. Vippo in the Life of Konrad II (c. 1040) tells about the expulsion of the Polish prince Mieszko II (1025-1034) of his brother Otto to the country of Rus, which the author also calls Rugia. Otto turned to Konrad for help. Unable to withstand the onslaught of, on the one hand, Konrad, and on the other, Otto, Meshko fled to the Czech Republic.
88. 1040. Annalist Saxon reports that on the day of St. Andrei (November 30) in the city of Altstädt (Thuringia), the embassy of the Russians arrived to Henry III with great gifts.
89. Ok. 1042 years. Commentator Adam of Bremen notes that the Viking Harald the Terrible, "returning from Greece, took the daughter of the King of Russia Herzleif as his wife " (Yaroslav). The sagas know her by the name Ellisive, or Elizabeth.
90.1043. Lambert of Hersfald mentions the Rus embassy in Goslyar to Henry III with an offer to marry the daughter of the Russian king. The embassy was not successful.
91.1048. An embassy came to Yaroslav from Henry I from France (Roger Shalonsky and others) to ask for the hand of the daughter of the Kiev prince. The ambassadors noted the prevalence of the cult of Clement in Russia, the relics of which were taken out of the Crimea by Constantine the Philosopher.
92. Second quarter of the XI century. Duke Laszlo (Russian Vladislav) Sar, a cousin of King Istvan, was married to someone from Ruthenia. His children Andrei (Endre) and Levente, after the death of their father, fled from the intrigues of Queen Gisella in Russia. The daughter of Duke Ruthenia Agmund-Anastasia became the wife of Andrew, who was called to the Hungarian table (1046-1061). In the literature, it has been suggested that this duke was Yaroslav the Wise. But Yaroslav is invariably titled "king", and therefore it should be about Russia as part of either the empire or Hungary. Agmunda-Anastasia patronized Orthodox monasteries in Hungary, where, in particular, the monks of the Sazava monastery found refuge in 1055, expelled from Bohemia for belonging to the followers of Cyril and Methodius.
93.1061. Agmund-Anastasia after the death of Andrew I with her son Shalaman and daughter-in-law - the sister of Henry IV (1056-1106) fled to Germany, namely to Thuringia. This fact may be significant because the principality of Rus in Thuringia existed until 1920, and widows most often returned to their homeland. So, in 1065, the Kiev prince released the widow of Rostislav Vladimirovich, the Hungarian duchess, who had died near Tmutarakan, to Hungary. In the same year, Henry IV sent the Saxon Palatine Friedrich to Russia.
94.1062. Died Margrave of the Saxon North Mark (lands of the Baltic Slavs) Bernhard II. According to the Saxon World Chronicle (XIII century), his wife came "from Russia ".
95.1062. Annalist Saxon reports on the marriage of Countess Kunigunda Orlamuende and the " King of the Rus ". Orlamund is a city in Thuringia on the Sala River (in the lands of the Lusatian Serbs), directly adjacent to the principality or county of Rus (Reis) known here later. The opinion that this "Russian king" was either Izyaslav Yaroslavich or Yaropolk Izyaslavich does not have any grounds.
96.1072. The future king Geza I sent his brother Laszlo to Russia to "ask for the help of his friends" against the son of Andrei I Shalaman, who continued to fight for the Hungarian table with the help of the feudal lords of Thuringia, Bohemia and Bavaria. The embassy was not successful. Where exactly it was going is not specified.
97.1075. Izyaslav Yaroslavich and Yaropolk, his son, expelled in 1073 by Svyatoslav Yaroslavich from Kiev, came to Henry IV in Mainz to ask for help against the usurper of the throne. Prior to this, they unsuccessfully tried to enlist support in Poland, and then found refuge in Thuringia with the Saxon Margrave Dedi, who himself accompanied them on their trip to the king. Henry IV sent the Probst of Trier Cathedral Burchard to Svyatoslav, whose sister the Kiev prince was married to. The embassy returned with rich gifts, and Henry no longer tried to somehow influence Svyatoslav. In the chronicle of the Annalist of Saxon, these events are given under the year 1068, when Izyaslav was first expelled from Kiev and Vseslav of Polotsk reigned there for a while.
Not receiving support from Henry IV, Izyaslav and Yaropolk turned to the Pope for help, surrendering to the bosom of the Roman Church. The Pope turned to the Polish prince with reproach for robbing the Russian exiles, but he also did not provide real help. The princes returned only after the sudden death of Svyatoslav in 1076.
In the literature, it has been suggested that Burchard's sister, who was the wife of the prince who expelled Izyaslav, is the daughter of Leopold of Staden, Oda, mentioned in the Staden annals under 1112. This opinion, however, is not motivated by anything; there is simply not enough Kiev "kings" for the many Western princesses who marry "Russian" rulers.
98. Ok. 1075 year. Adam Bremensky and his commentator repeatedly mention Russia. A description of the city of Yumna (Volina) at the mouth of the Oder, where barbarians and "Greeks" live, is given, and the barbarians do not generally reject Christianity, but Catholicism. From Yumna to Ostrogard in Russia (apparently to Novgorod) you can sail under sail in 14 days. Kiev is directly placed in "Greece" and is compared with Constantinople as its rival.
According to the commentator, the Danish barbarians called Ostrogard, or Hunigard, that Russia, where the Huns used to live. The closest to Denmark, Russia, apparently, was not called that.
The commentator adds data on distances as well. So, from Danish Skopia to Birka in Sweden they sailed for five days, from Birka to Russia - also five days. This distance can be matched by the Rotalia and Vika regions in Western Estonia.
Giving a description of the islands adjacent to the southern coast, the chronicler calls Semland, "adjacent to Russia." We are talking about the Sambian Peninsula (present-day Kaliningrad Region). "Rus" in this case can be called the area at the mouth of the Neman, one of the arms of which was called Rus.
The commentator points out that of all the Slavs, only the runes from the island of Reune (Rügen) have kings. Here he identifies the Rus with the Turks.
99. 1083. The author of the Life of the Margrave of Lusatian Vipert (mid-12th century) mentions the kings of the Rus and Hungarians.
100. 80s of the XI century. According to the Annalist of Saxon, the son of the Margrave of the Northern Mark Udon III, Henry the Long of Staden, became engaged to the daughter of the Russian king. A magnificent embassy arrived in Saxony with a rich dowry. The bride was placed in the Quedlinburg monastery and, after the name of its abbess, received the name Adelheida. Soon after the wedding, the young husband died, and in 1088 Adelheida became the wife of Henry IV, who took the title of emperor in 1084. Subsequently, she found herself in the midst of a political struggle, exposing her husband and his closest company to debauchery and orgies associated with belonging to some heretical sect.
It is assumed that the daughter of Vsevolod Eupraxia, who later returned to her homeland and was tonsured in 1106 in a monastery (died 1109), entered European history under the name of Adelheida. VN Tatishchev believed that this was the daughter of Izyaslav.
101.1086. Melchior Goldast, referring to Hagetius, reports that Henry IV elevated Bratislava II of Bohemia to the royal dignity and subordinated him to three margraves: Silesian, Lusatian and Russian. Kozma Prazhsky reproduces in his chronicle a letter dated the same year about the boundaries of the Prague diocese. The named margraves are not included in it. But under the year 1087 it is said that Serbia, that is, the area on which the Lusatian and "Russian" margraves were located, was previously received from the emperor into eternal possession. It could have been about Thuringian Rus. Waging a difficult struggle with the Saxon feudal lords, Henry IV in this way sought to create support on the nearest approaches to the centers of Upper Saxony.
102.1097. In the "History of Antioch and Jerusalem" (XIII century) it is indicated that during the first crusade in the battle of Nicea, knights from Norway, Poland and Russia were especially distinguished. Like immigrants from other countries, the Russians were kept in a compact group. They founded a city called in the sources Russa, Rossa, Rugia, Ruya, Ruyat (Ruyat in Syria). The name of the city repeats, as it were, the main variants in which the name Rus is known to sources.
103.1111. According to Orderrik Vitalis, the Norwegian king Sigurd, returning from Jerusalem "through Russia, took Malfrida, the king's daughter, as his wife." In "Heimskringle" by Snorri Sturluson (13th century), Sigurd's path passed through Bulgaria, Hungary, Pannonia, Swabia and Bavaria. The Genealogy of Danish Kings states that Sigurd married Malmfried in Schleswig.
104.1112. The Staden annals (XIII century) under this year put a story about events that took a long time. The daughter of Count Leopold Oda was married to the Russian king. After his death, she was forced to flee from Russia. Having buried the treasures in the ground, she returned to Saxony with her son Vartislav. Then, however, Vartislav was called to reign "to Russia". As usual, researchers are looking for an explanation of the situation in Kievan Rus. They called, in particular, the names of Rostislav Vladimirovich (actually married to a Hungarian duchess), Svyatoslav Yaroslavich (apparently married to Burkhad Trier's sister). But the name Vartislav does not occur at all in Kievan Rus, while it is usually among the Baltic Slavs (perhaps in connection with the Varta River). The name of Vartislav is associated with the baptism of a part of Pomorie in the second decade of the 12th century. There was heapparently, the son of Svyatobor, expelled by the Pomorians several decades earlier for his loyalty to the Polish prince Boleslav III.
105. End of XI - beginning of XII century. In the Life of St. Mariama (c. 1185) says that the Irish monastery in Regensburg was completed with the money of the Kiev prince, received by the Irish monks as a result of their trip to Kiev.
106.1024-1125. In the Lives of Otto of Bamberg, written by the companions of the bishop who baptized Pomorie, Ebon (1151-1152) and Gerbord (1158-1159), there is a lot of information about "Ruthenia", bordering Poland in the east, and about "Ruthenia", adjacent to Denmark and Pomorie … Gerbord says that this second Ruthenia should be at the mercy of the Danish archbishop. The missionaries received "many" information "about the origin of the Ruthen tribe " from the Bristans. Obviously, some genealogical legends were being retold that served to glorify the clan and tribe. The Baltic ruthenes at this time remained pagans and sought the return of the baptized Pomorians to paganism. About the "land of the barbarians who are called Ruthenes ”, Says Ebon too. According to Ebon, Otto tried to convert Ruthenes to Christianity. However, the latter warned that if the bishop approaches the “ borders of Ruthenia ”, then he and his people will be “cut off their heads”, and their bodies will be thrown to the beasts to be torn apart.
The confusion of Eastern and Baltic "Ruthenes" is observed in the following text of Gerbord: “On the one hand, the Czechs, Moravians, Ugrians attacked Poland, on the other - the wild and cruel people of the Ruthenians, who, relying on the help of the Flavs, Prussians and Pomorians, resisted the Polish weapons, but after many defeats suffered, they were forced together with their prince to ask for peace. The world was sealed by the marriage of Boleslav with the daughter of the Russian king, but not for long. " It is usually remembered that the daughter of Svyatopolk Sbyslav was married to Boleslav. But that was in 1103. The characterization of the "ruthenes" obviously refers to the pagans who relied on the pagan tribes of the Baltic states. Polovtsians are most often understood as "flavs". It is not excluded, however, that this is only a genus of Ruthenes (Latin "redheads").
Pomeranian Ruthenia is not reduced by Gerbord to the island of Rügen, which, by the way, is also mentioned, and precisely as Rugia.
107.20s of the XII century. The papal charter of 1218 recalls the contributions of the " kings of the Rus " from Galicia Vasilko and Ivan-Vladimir, which they made to the Croatian monastery (St. Demetrius) on the Sava River. After the union of 1102, Croatia was part of Hungary.
108. 1127 year. The Life of Konrad, Archbishop of Salzburg (XII century), mentions the embassy of the Austrian duke to the Hungarian king, "who was then in the Ruthenian brand."
109. Until 1131. In the "Genealogy of Queen Ingeborg" (second half of the 12th century), the wife of the King of Cheers and Duke of Schleswig Kanut II (died 1131) Ingeborg is called the daughter of the " most powerful king of the Rus " Izyaslav. According to the "History of Danish Kings" (XIII century) - this is the daughter of Mstislav Vladimirovich (Harald), sister of Malfrida. The residence of the royal house was in Lubeck. The son of Kanut II and Ingeborga Valdemar would later become the Danish king (1157-1182).
110. Ok. 1132 years. In the history of the transfer of the relics of the German St. Godegard of Hildesheim mentioned " travelers from Russia ".
111. 1132-1135 years. Wars of Boleslav III of Poland against the coalition from the Czech Republic, Hungary and Austria, as well as the strife in Hungary, in which Boris seeks help against Bela the Blind from the “ Russian princes ”, then from the Poles, then from the counts of the Eastern Mark. Galich remained Hungary's ally against Poland. But Boleslav's troops also included Russians.
112. 1135 year. The Annalist of Saxon informs about the arrival of the kings of "Hungarians, Russes, Danes and Franks" to Emperor Lothar. In the same year, Lothar, according to Otto of Freisingen (d. 1158), received a tribute from Boleslav III for 12 years and handed over to the Polish prince in flax "Pomorians and Rugov ". In fact, Pomorie and Rugia have not yet recognized the power of either the Polish prince or the German emperor.
113. 1141 year. The French chronicler Alberic (d. 1252) mentions a " king of Russia " named Musukh, the husband of the Polish princess Riksa and the father of Sophia, the future queen of Denmark.
114. 1139-1145 years. Otto Freisingensky reproduces the correspondence of Emperor Conrad III (1138-1152) with the Byzantine emperors John II (1118-1143) and Manuel I (1143-1180), in which Conrad speaks of an episode “happened in Russia ” where the Ruthenes “showed disdain for the authorities of the German state, killed the people of the emperor, taking away their property. " John II, in response, did not shy away from responsibility for the incident in Russia and assured that "he did what was expected of him and how it corresponds to his dignity." It is not clear what kind of Rus, subordinate to the Byzantine emperor, is in question.
115. Ok. 1145. Matthew Krakowski, in his answer to the "crusader father" Bernard of Clairvaux, in addition to the "countless" ruthenes in the east, also mentions the ruthenes in Polonia and Bohemia and notes that the ruthenes "recognize Christ only by name, but in fact deny in the depths of his soul." "The aforementioned people do not want to be uniform with either the Greek or the Latin church, but, different from both, they do not share the sacraments of either of them." It follows from this testimony that in the 12th century, a significant part of the Ruthenians-Rus retained Arianism (in which the son-god was not recognized as equal to the father-god).
In this connection can be put the message of the Polish anonym of the 15th century that the Western Slavs baptized according to the Greek rite had " Russian clergy", as well as the above-mentioned definition of Methodius as a Ruthenian (Methodius was constantly accused of Arianism).
116. 1147 year. In the crusade against the Prussians with the Polish army participated, according to the Magdeburg annals, ruthenes.
117. 1152 year. Knut, the future co-ruler of Sven (1147-1157), according to the Rien annals (XIII century), fled to Saxony, and expelled from there fled to Russia.
In the next year, 1153, according to the same annals, Knut fled from Russia to Frisia, where he built the Mildeborg fortress.
Helmold also talks about Knut's expulsion by Sven. He has this information placed under the year 1150, but the events of several years are described. Helmold knows about Knut's two-time flight to Saxony (although he does not know that he was expelled from Saxony, perhaps by Sven's father-in-law Konrad, a margrave from Vitin), as well as that he, returning from Saxony, was adopted by the Frisians, and namely those friezes who lived in Jutland. Helmold does not mention Russia, and, apparently, Knut did not appear to the east of the area of the wagrs and cheers.
118. Ok. 1154. Al-Idrisi (died 1164) in a geographical work mentions the rivers Rusiyya and Rusiyyu, apparently the Kerch Strait and Kuban, as well as the city of Rusiyya, usually identified with Kerch. It is unclear whether the "rsr- Rusiyya external" is mentioned, since nothing is said about the "internal".
Al-Idrisi points to two types of Rus; one is the one who is given a direct description, and the other is the one that lives in the neighborhood of Hungary (Uncaria) and Macedonia (Jasuliyya, or Macdunia).
119. Middle of the XII century. A rhymed chronicle (late 13th century) dates the first arrival of the Germans to the mouth of the Western Dvina to 1143. In fact, this happened a little later. According to the chronicle, pagans, villages, Livs, Letts, who were in the power of the Rus, lived here.
120. 1157 year. Saxon Grammaticus reports that the Danish king attacked Schleswig and plundered Russian ships.
121.1157. The successor of Otto of Freisingen, Ragevin (died 1177), mentions the attacks on Poland from the north of the Ruthenians.
122. 1158 year. According to Helmold, the city of Lubeck was rebuilt after the fire, and the Saxon Duke Heinrich Leo sent ambassadors "to the cities and northern states - Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Russia." In one list of the Chronicle, instead of Russia, Rugia appears.
123. 1165 year. Ragevin mentions the "king of Ruthenian " as a vassal of Frederick Barbarossa.
124. 1165 year. In the letter of Archbishop Reynold of Cologne to the city of Magdebach, the island of Rügen is named Rutia or Ruya.
125. 1165 year. The Byzantine Emperor Manuel in his campaign from Dalmatia to Hungary was assisted by "the Serbs subject to Byzantium, as well as the Russians."
126. Ok. 1175 year. Benoit de Saint-Maur in the Chronicle of the Dukes of Normandy calls a number of " horns and Ungri" (Hungarians).
127. 1176 year. In the army of the Czech king Sobeslav II and Prince Konrad Znoyemsky, who fought against the Austrian duke Heinrich Yazomirgot, there were Russians.
128. Until 1182. In the "Genealogy of Queen Ingeborg" it is mentioned that the wife of the Danish king Valdemar I (d. 1182) was the daughter of the Ruthenian king Valedar Sophia. Later, Sophia was the Landgrave of Thuringia.
129. 1186 year. The Bulgarians and Vlachs who rebelled against Byzantium were helped by the Russians, the "branch of the Tavro-Scythians" from Vordona or the "Poistrian Scythians".
130.1187. In the privilege of Frederick I to the city of Lubeck, the merchants are named " Ruthenians, Goths and Normans."
131. 1189 year. Benedict of Peterborough (end of the 12th century), among the peoples of the Holy Roman Empire, next to the "Alpins", calls Rutones. It also contains the message of Frederick I to Saladin, in which Bohemia, Austria, Friscia, Rutonia, "part of Illyricum" are consistently named. Friscia - Carinthia. Rutonia corresponds to Styria.
132. Ok. 1191. Duke of Austria and Styria Ottokar IV in the charter of the city of Enns assigns the amount of payment for the transport of salt " to Russia " and " from Russia ". Salt springs in the Danube were located in the Salzburg region and in the upper reaches of the Danube tributary Traun.
133. Ok. 1191. In the bull of the Bremen archbishop, Pope Clement III places the bishopric of Ikskul (near Riga) " in Ruthenia."
134. July 9, 1192. In the privilege to Regensburg of the Austrian Duke Leopold II, the fees for the passage of Rusar merchants through the territory of Austria are indicated (two talents in one direction and half a talent back).
135. End of the XII century. In the letter of Emerik to the Ostrigomsky monastery (Hungary), confirming the earlier letters, merchants from Russia are mentioned, arriving in Pest and Ostrigom to buy horses.
136. End of the XII century. Godefroy from Viterba in the poem "Pantheon" places along the banks of the Danube "Hungaria, Ruthenia, Greece".
137. XII century. In the French novel "Ipomedon" in the list of lands and countries, Russia and Alemannia (Germany) are named side by side. In the novel "Octavian" (between 1229-1244) Alemannia, Russia, Hungary are consistently named.
138. The beginning of the XIII century. Frederick II expresses claims to the Austrian duke, who delayed gifts from the " Duke of Russia ".
139. 1207 year. According to Georgy the Acropolitan (XIII century), Ivan-Asen Bulgarian fled " to the country of the Rus, lived here for a long time and, having gathered several Russian squads, began to seek his father's legacy."
140. 1211 year. Russian merchants sold the Zaluk estate (Hungary), which they had earlier obtained through court from peasants who had stolen the goods.
141. 1220 year. Johannes Messenius, a Swedish historian (17th century), places the Estonian province of Vik “ in Russia ”.
142. Ok. 1221 year. Peter Düsburgsky (beginning of the XIV century) speaks about the arrival of the Ruthenes in the land of the Scalovites (the mouth of the Neman) nine years before the arrival of the Teutonic knights. "The Land of Russia " is placed by the author between Memel (Neman) and Mazovia.
143. 1229 year. Savva of Serbia (the first archbishop) stayed in Jerusalem in the " Rush " (that is, Russian) monastery, considering his monks to be his relatives.
144. Until 1241. Matthew of Paris (d. 1259), reporting on the death of the Danish king Valdemar, notes that “almost all his life, as soon as he learned to wield weapons, he persecuted the infidels, namely in Syphia (that is, Scythia, apparently, the eastern coast of the Baltic), Frisia and Rustia . The king established six bishoprics in these lands.
145. 1242 year. Abbot of the Hungarian Benedictine monastery of St. Mary, who is " in Russia ", sent from Vienna a message to the clergy of Britain about the devastation of the Danube regions by the Tatars.
146. 1245 year. Pope Innocent IV made an appeal to the clergy of Bohemia, Sweden, Norway, as well as the "provinces of Poland, Livonia, Slavia, Russia and Prussia", demanding an end to the persecution of the Franciscan order.
147. Middle of the XIII century. Thomas of Split (d. 1268), referring to the events of the IV century, places Ruthenia along the border with Pannonia.
148. 1252-1253 years. Russian prince Roman Danilovich Galitsky claims the title of Duke of Austria and is fighting another contender - Przemysl-Ottokar II of Bohemia.
149. 1254 year. The Danish Zealand Chronicle (XIII century) mentions Gerard, the first bishop of Russia from the Cistercian order.
150. 60s of the XIII century. Roger Bacon (d. C. 1292) in the "Great Composition" calls Leukovia (Lithuania), around which "on both sides" of the Baltic Sea " Great Russia is located."
151. 1304 year. In a letter to the Rugen princes, Pope Benedict IX addresses them as "beloved sons, famous men, Russian princes."
152. 1308 year. The earthquake destroyed the island of Rügen, as a result of which the island of Ruden broke away.
153. 1343-1345 years. The uprising in Estonia (in Rotalia and Vika) against the rule of the Teutonic Order was led by the Russians. They organized a defense on the island of Ezel.
154. XIV century. A number of documents mention " Russian villages " in the region of Vik (Estonia): Vendekule, Kvevele, Vendever, and also Russen Dorp near Venden.
155. 1373 year. The city of Lubeck is located " in Russia ". Also in a document from 1385.
156. 1402 year. On the island of Rügen, the last woman who spoke Slavic died. Her last name was - Golitsyna.
157.15 century. Byzantine historian Laonik Khalkondil reports that " Russia stretches from the country of Scythian nomads to the Danes and Lithuanians."
158.15 century. French historian Manric, referring to the baptism of the inhabitants of Rugen in 1168, calls the island either Rugia or Rustia.
159. XVI century. Geographer Mercator calls the inhabitants of Rügen Ruthenes. In the Russian translation of the 17th century, the island is called Rusia.
160. The Dutch Chronicle of Meyer (Antwerp, 1561) under 445 tells about the conquest of the Tungr tribe by the Frankish king Clodius, and then the Morins, who lived on the coast of the North Sea. The Morinam were helped by the Cimbri and Ruthenes. The Ruthenian commander Golder and his daughter were taken prisoner. The daughter was married by Claudius to his nephew Flandbert, who became the ruler of the Belgian coast. After driving out his wife's brother Goldin, Flandbert ruled the Cimbri and Ruthenes.
The leader of the Ruthenians Holder is also mentioned in the "History of the Britons" by Galfrid of Monmouth (second quarter of the 12th century). Holder was an ally of the legendary King Arthur, whose prototypes date back to the 5th-6th centuries. The Rutenes of Galfried of Monmouth lived in the vicinity of Flanders in the present French department of Pas-de-Calais. Holder died and was buried in his city (present-day Terouane). Ancient geographers placed the Morin tribe (i.e. the Pomorians) on this territory. Apparently, ruthenes in this case are another name for some Morin tribes.
Part of these northern ruthenes may have been the ruthenes on the Rhône river in southern France. According to archaeological data, they came from the north.
161. The Polish chronicler of the 16th century Stryjkovsky, speaking about the events of the end of the 10th century, claims that Vladimir “gathered a large army, with which, having crossed the Danube, he subdued the lands: Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Semigrad, Vyatnitskaya, Yatvyazhskaya, Dulebskaya, and those lands, where now Volokhs, multans and Dobruch Tatars, and all of them brought into obedience in one campaign and imposed on them the tribute that they used to give to the Greek kings."
162. The South Russian scribe of the Life of Cyril, who lived in the 17th century, made the following commentary on the legend about the “Russian literacy”: “It’s not just ants (that is, Moravians), Czechs, Kozars, Karvati, Serbs, Bulgarians, Poles and the land of Muntanska (southern Carpathian region), all Dalmatia and Diocletia, and the volokhs were Russia."
Quoted from the collection “Where did the Russian land come from”, vol. 2. M., 1986.
Kuzmin Apollon Grigorievich (1928 - 2004), Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
A well-known Russian historian, a leading specialist in the history of Ancient Rus, chronicle studies, the history of social thought, the author of many books on Russian history and the methodology of historical knowledge
