This article will most likely be long, since I want to summarize and tell in general about everything that civilizations of the past could and did. By the way, much that has been done in the past is considered impossible for our civilization. Now let's get started!
I'll start with as simple as possible. Perfectly straight internal corners in sarcophagi made of quartz, granite and basalt, which is essentially impossible to do even in our time.
Grinding and perfect polishing of granite and other materials no less difficult to process were often associated with these sarcophagi. Of course, in our time it is possible, but the work is laborious and requires certain devices.
Holes
All over the world, civilizations made holes just the way they wanted them. These could be holes with a diameter of 1 cm, but a great depth, or vice versa, a large diameter up to 10-20 centimeters.
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Moreover, almost always such holes were processed inside, that is, something rotated at high speed, forming the desired hole and grinding the inside. By the way, they drilled any materials, granite and basalt are no exception.
Masonry
This is generally a separate topic and something incredible. In many structures, masonry of various types is striking in its accuracy, the absence of gaps, but the most amazing thing is polygonal masonry, as, for example, in Sacsayhuaman.
Also, the blocks are almost always fitted with some incredible precision, without a bonding solution. Sometimes by the way, perhaps, just for fastening, the ancient builders used metal staples from small to huge.
As I've noted in many of my articles, transportation is my favorite topic. Ancient builders around the world could deliver megaliths weighing hundreds, and sometimes thousands of tons, tens of kilometers from quarries to their destination.
Megaliths were moved without any roads, raised to various heights, in general, they did everything that was needed. Some of the functions that ancient civilizations performed with the movement of megaliths are impossible for our most powerful technology in the world.
Yanshan megaliths, which were delivered by unknown means from the quarry, the maximum weight of one of the megaliths is 16 250 tons.
The collection of tableware from the Djoser pyramid is also very interesting. Something there was made of a rather soft material, such as alabaster, but there was also granite.
This very dish was made in an unknown way, even modern specialists were amazed at this level of work. They made convex parts, indentations, strange changes in shape in the dishes, and the funniest thing is that it is granite, and the age of this collection is 4-5 thousand years, when the technology allegedly did not exist at all.
In short, it should be said about the softening of the material along with the change in properties. The softening of the stone is often clearly visible in ancient objects.
The stone spread, after which it seemed to be fixed with something and given an unusual shape, formed blocks, niches, in general they did anything.
To change properties, most often I cite marble statues created in the XV-XVI centuries as an example, but for some reason now this is something impossible for us, so change the material to create something like that. Below is a gallery of all possible shots of these statues.
All clothes and seams are all worked out in the same marble, but given how fragile this material is, such work is difficult to somehow explain.
And probably the last one is mysterious alloys and vice versa. As for alloys, the ancient civilizations did what for our scientists seems strange, illogical, and sometimes impossible.
In this case, an example is a pillar in Delhi, 1500 years old. After studying it, it turned out that the pillar is made of pure iron - 99.7%, and nowadays it is incredibly difficult to get such pure iron. But the most important thing is that this pillar has not rusty for 1.5 thousand years, although it is in the open air.
How past civilizations achieved this, no one in our time could answer.
Most likely, I have forgotten something, but this is enough to understand that a thousand years ago and 5 and 7 thousand years ago, civilizations were developed in many ways better than us, since modern scientists are often only at a loss, I try explain this or that.