Fyodor III Alekseevich Romanov (born May 30 (June 9) 1661 - death April 27 (May 7) 1682) - Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia, from the Romanov family. Years of reign 1676 - 1682. Father - Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. Mother - Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, the first wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
Fedor Romanov was born in Moscow in 1661. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the question of succession to the throne repeatedly arose, since Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich died at the age of 16, and the second royal son Fyodor was at that time 9 years old.
Kingdom wedding
And yet it was Fyodor who inherited the throne at the age of 15. The new tsar was crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin on June 18, 1676. Fyodor Alekseevich did not differ in physical strength, from childhood he was sick a lot, was weak. He managed to rule the state for only six years.
Education
The young king was well educated. He knew Latin well and could speak Polish fluently, knew a little the ancient Greek language. Fyodor Alekseevich was versed in painting and church music, had "a great art in poetry and composed fair verses", taught the basics of versification, he made a poetic translation of psalms for "Psalms" by Simeon Polotsky. His ideas about the reign were formed under the influence of one of the most talented philosophers of that era, Simeon of Polotsk, a former educator and spiritual mentor of the prince.
Promotional video:
The beginning of the reign
After the accession of the young tsar, at first, his stepmother, N. K. Naryshkina, whom the relatives of Tsar Fyodor were able to remove from their affairs, sending her together with her son Peter (the future Peter 1) to "voluntary exile" to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.
Friends and relatives of Fyodor Alekseevich were boyar I. F. Miloslavsky, princes Yu. A. Dolgorukov and Ya. N. Odoevsky, who were replaced in 1679 by the stolnichy M. T. Likhachev, bed room I. M. Yazykov and Prince V. V. Golitsyn. They were "educated, capable and conscientious people." It was they, who had influence on the young sovereign, who energetically set about creating a capable government.
Thanks to their influence under the new tsar, the adoption of important state decisions was transferred to the Boyar Duma, the number of members of which increased from 66 to 99 under him. The tsar was also inclined to personally participate in government.
Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich in front of the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands. 1686 g.
Domestic and foreign policy
In matters of internal government, this tsar left a mark in Russian history with two innovations. 1681 - a project was developed for the creation of the later famous, and then the first in Moscow, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, which was opened after the death of the monarch. Many figures of science, culture and politics came out of its walls. It was there that in the 18th century the great Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov.
At the same time, representatives of all classes were to be allowed to study at the academy, and a scholarship was to be assigned to the poor. The monarch was going to transfer the entire palace library to the academy, and future graduates could apply for high government positions at the court.
Patriarch Joachim was opposed to the opening of the academy, he was generally against secular education in Russia. Fedor Alekseevich tried to defend his decision.
The sovereign ordered to build special shelters for orphans and teach them various sciences and crafts. The tsar wanted to arrange all the disabled in the almshouses, which were built at his expense.
1682 - The Boyar Duma abolished once and for all the so-called localism. According to the tradition that existed in Russia, people were appointed to various government and military positions not in accordance with their merits, experience or abilities, but in accordance with parochialism, that is, with the place that the ancestors of the appointed person occupied in the state apparatus. The son of a man who once held a low position could never rise above the son of an official who held a higher position in his time. This irritated many and hindered the effective management of the country.
Abolition of parochialism. Burning of bit books.
At the request of the tsar on January 12, 1682, the Boyar Duma abolished parochialism; rank books, in which "ranks" were recorded, that is, positions, were burned. Instead, all the old boyar families were rewritten into special genealogies so that their merits were not forgotten by their descendants.
In 1678-1679. Fyodor Alekseevich's government conducted a population census, canceled Aleksei Mikhailovich's decree on the non-extradition of fugitives who enrolled in military service, introduced household taxation (this immediately replenished the treasury, but increased serfdom).
In 1679-1680. tried to mitigate criminal punishment in a European manner, in particular, abolished the chopping off of hands for theft. Since that time, the perpetrators have been exiled to Siberia with their families.
In the south of Russia, thanks to the construction of defensive structures, it became possible to widely endow the nobles who sought to increase their land holdings, estates and estates.
A major foreign policy action during the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich was the successful Russian-Turkish war (1676-1681), which ended with the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty, which secured the unification of the Left-Bank Ukraine with Russia.
During the reign of this king, the entire Kremlin palace complex, including churches, was rebuilt. The buildings were interconnected by galleries and passages, and they were decorated with carved porches in a new way.
A sewerage system, a flowing pond and many different gardens with gazebos were installed in the Kremlin. The king had his own garden, for the decoration and arrangement of which he did not spare money.
Dozens of stone buildings, five-domed churches in Kotelniki and Presnya were built in Moscow. The tsar gave out loans to his subjects from the treasury for the construction of stone houses in Kitay-Gorod and forgave many debts.
The Emperor saw in the construction of beautiful stone buildings the best way to protect Moscow from fires. At the same time, Fyodor Alekseevich believed that Moscow is the face of the state and admiration for its splendor should arouse respect for all of Russia among foreign ambassadors.
Relatives at the deathbed of Fyodor Alekseevich (K. Lebedev).
Personal life
The personal life of Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov was very unhappy.
1680 - the sovereign chose the beautiful and educated Agafya Semyonovna Grushetskaya (1663-1681) from many contenders. The young wife was from Smolensk, but by birth she was Polish. However, family life was short. The princess died three days after giving birth from childbirth fever. Soon, the newborn son Ilya also died.
1682, February 14 - a new wedding took place in the royal palace. Now Martha Matveevna Apraksina (1664-1716) became the Tsar's chosen one. However, two months after the wedding, on April 27, 1682, the Emperor, after a short illness, died at the age of 21, leaving no heir, without making orders regarding the succession to the throne. Fyodor Alekseevich was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
S. Istomin