As long as there is humanity, so much and it tries to understand the structure of the universe. Yes, many say that this is "useless fuss", we do not really know anything, and we will not learn anything in the coming generations, and maybe even before the end of human civilization. Well, maybe they are right, but let's speculate …
The Big Bang theory has become almost as much a generally accepted cosmological model as the rotation of the Earth around the Sun. According to the theory, about 14 billion years ago, spontaneous oscillations in absolute emptiness led to the emergence of the universe. Something the size of a subatomic particle expanded to unimaginable sizes in a split second. But in this theory, there are many problems over which physicists are fighting, putting forward more and more new hypotheses.
So what's wrong with the Big Bang theory?
What's wrong with the big bang theory
1. FROM THEORY it follows that all the planets and stars were formed from dust scattered across space as a result of an explosion. But what preceded it is unclear: here our mathematical model of space-time stops working. The universe arose from an initial singular state to which modern physics cannot be applied. The theory also does not consider the causes of the singularity or matter and energy for its occurrence. It is believed that the answer to the question of the existence and origin of the initial singularity will be given by the theory of quantum gravity.
2. MOST COSMOLOGICAL MODELS PREDICT that the entire universe is much larger than the observable portion - a spherical region with a diameter of about 90 billion light years. We see only that part of the Universe, the light from which managed to reach Earth in 13.8 billion years. But telescopes are getting better, we are detecting more and more distant objects, and so far there is no reason to believe that this process will stop.
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3. FROM THE MOMENT OF THE BIG EXPLOSION THE UNIVERSE EXPANDS WITH ACCELERATION. The most difficult mystery of modern physics is the question of what causes acceleration. According to a working hypothesis, the universe contains an invisible component called "dark energy." The Big Bang theory does not explain whether the universe will expand indefinitely, and if so, where it will lead - to its disappearance or something else.
4. ALTHOUGH NEWTONIAN MECHANICS OUTSTANDED BY RELATIVIST PHYSICS, it cannot be called erroneous. However, the perception of the world and the models for describing the universe have completely changed. The Big Bang Theory predicted a number of things that were not known before. Thus, if another theory comes in its place, then it should be similar and expand the understanding of the world.
We will focus on the most interesting theories describing alternative Big Bang models.
The universe is like a mirage of a black hole
The universe originated from the collapse of a star in a four-dimensional universe, say scientists from the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. The results of their research were published in Scientific American. Nyayesh Afshordi, Robert Mann and Razi Purhasan say that our three-dimensional universe became a kind of "holographic mirage" when a four-dimensional star collapsed. In contrast to the Big Bang theory, according to which the universe arose from extremely hot and dense space-time, where standard laws of physics do not apply, the new hypothesis of a four-dimensional universe explains both the reasons for its origin and its rapid expansion.
According to the scenario formulated by Afshordi and his colleagues, our three-dimensional universe is a kind of membrane that floats through an even more voluminous universe that already exists in four dimensions. If four-dimensional stars of their own existed in this four-dimensional space, they would also explode, just like three-dimensional ones in our Universe. The inner layer would become a black hole, and the outer layer would be thrown into space.
In our universe, black holes are surrounded by a sphere called the event horizon. And if in three-dimensional space this border is two-dimensional (like a membrane), then in the four-dimensional universe the event horizon will be limited by a sphere that exists in three dimensions. Computer simulations of the collapse of a four-dimensional star have shown that its three-dimensional event horizon will gradually expand. This is what we observe, calling the growth of the 3D membrane the expansion of the Universe, astrophysicists believe.
Big freeze
An alternative to the Big Bang could be the Big Freeze. A team of physicists from the University of Melbourne, led by James Kvatch, presented a model of the birth of the Universe, which looks more like a gradual process of freezing amorphous energy than its splash and expansion in three directions of space.
Formless energy, according to scientists, like water cooled to crystallization, creating the usual three spatial and one temporal dimensions.
The Big Freeze Theory casts doubt on Albert Einstein's currently accepted statement about the continuity and smoothness of space and time. It is possible that space has its constituent parts - indivisible building blocks like tiny atoms or pixels in computer graphics. These blocks are so small that they cannot be observed, however, following the new theory, defects can be detected that should refract the flows of other particles. Scientists have calculated such effects using a mathematical apparatus, and now they will try to detect them experimentally.
A universe without beginning or end
Ahmed Farag Ali of Benha University in Egypt and Sauria Das of Lethbridge University in Canada have proposed a new solution to the singularity problem by abandoning the Big Bang. They introduced the ideas of the famous physicist David Bohm into the Friedman equation describing the expansion of the universe and the Big Bang. “It's amazing that small amendments can potentially solve so many issues,” says Das.
The resulting model combined general relativity and quantum theory. It not only denies the singularity that preceded the Big Bang, but also does not allow the universe to contract back to its original state over time. According to the data obtained, the universe has a finite size and an infinite lifetime. In physical terms, the model describes the Universe filled with a hypothetical quantum fluid, which consists of gravitons - particles that provide gravitational interaction.
The scientists also claim that their findings are consistent with the latest measurements of the density of the universe.
Endless chaotic inflation
The term "inflation" refers to the rapid expansion of the universe, which took place exponentially in the first moments after the Big Bang. By itself, the theory of inflation does not refute the theory of the Big Bang, but only interprets it differently. This theory solves several fundamental problems in physics.
According to the inflationary model, shortly after its inception, the Universe expanded exponentially for a very short time: its size doubled many times. Scientists believe that in 10 to -36 degrees of seconds, the Universe has increased in size by at least 10 to 30-50 degrees, and possibly more. At the end of the inflationary phase, the Universe was filled with a superhot plasma of free quarks, gluons, leptons, and high-energy quanta.
The concept implies that there are many isolated universes in the world with different devices.
Physicists have come to the conclusion that the logic of the inflationary model does not contradict the idea of constant multiple birth of new universes. Quantum fluctuations - the same as those that gave rise to our world - can occur in any quantity, provided the conditions are right. It is quite possible that our universe emerged from the fluctuation zone formed in the predecessor world. It can also be assumed that sometime and somewhere in our Universe a fluctuation will form, which will “blow out” a young universe of a completely different kind. In this model, the child universes can continually bud off. Moreover, it is not at all necessary that the same physical laws are established in the new worlds. The concept implies that there are many isolated universes in the world with different devices.
Cyclic theory
Paul Steinhardt, one of the physicists who laid the foundations of inflationary cosmology, decided to develop this theory further. The scientist who heads the Center for Theoretical Physics in Princeton, together with Neil Turok of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, laid out an alternative theory in the book Endless Universe: Beyond the Big Bang. Their model is based on a generalization of quantum superstring theory known as M-theory. According to her, the physical world has 11 dimensions - ten spatial and one temporal. Spaces of lower dimensions "float" in it, the so-called branes (short for "membrane"). Our universe is just one such brane.
The Steinhardt and Turok model argues that the Big Bang occurred as a result of the collision of our brane with another brane - an unknown universe. In this scenario, collisions occur endlessly. According to the hypothesis of Steinhardt and Turok, another three-dimensional brane "floats" next to our brane, separated by a tiny distance. It also expands, flattens, and empties, but after a trillion years the branes will begin to converge and eventually collide. This will release a huge amount of energy, particles and radiation. This cataclysm will launch another cycle of expansion and cooling of the Universe. It follows from the Steinhardt and Turok model that these cycles were in the past and will certainly repeat in the future. How these cycles began, the theory is silent.
The universe is like a computer
Another hypothesis about the structure of the universe says that our entire world is nothing more than a matrix or a computer program. The idea that the universe is a digital computer was first pioneered by German engineer and computer pioneer Konrad Zuse in his book Calculating Space. Among those who also viewed the universe as a giant computer are physicists Stephen Wolfram and Gerard 't Hooft.
Digital physics theorists assume that the universe is essentially information and therefore computable. From these assumptions it follows that the universe can be viewed as the result of a computer program or digital computing device. This computer could be, for example, a giant cellular automaton or a universal Turing machine.
The uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics is called an indirect proof of the virtual nature of the universe.
According to the theory, every object and event of the physical world comes from asking questions and registering answers "yes" or "no". That is, behind everything that surrounds us, a certain code is hidden, similar to the binary code of a computer program. And we are a kind of interface through which access to the data of the "universal Internet" appears. The principle of uncertainty in quantum mechanics is called an indirect proof of the virtual nature of the Universe: particles of matter can exist in an unstable form, and are "fixed" in a specific state only when observing them.
Digital physics follower John Archibald Wheeler wrote: “It would not be unreasonable to imagine that information is in the core of physics as well as in the core of a computer. Everything from a bit. In other words, everything that exists - every particle, every force field, even the space-time continuum itself - receives its function, its meaning and, ultimately, its very existence."
Stationary Universe Theory
According to a recently recovered manuscript by Albert Einstein, the great scientist paid tribute to British astrophysicist Fred Hoyle for the theory that space can expand indefinitely, maintaining a uniform density, if new matter continually appears in the process of spontaneous generation. For decades, Hoyle's ideas were considered bullshit by many, but a recently discovered document shows that Einstein at least took his theory seriously.
The theory of a stationary universe was proposed in 1948 by Herman Bondi, Thomas Gold and Fred Hoyle. It came out of the ideal cosmological principle, which states that the universe looks essentially the same at every point at any time (in a macroscopic sense). From a philosophical point of view, it is attractive because then the universe has no beginning and no end. The theory was popular in the 50s and 60s. Faced with indications that the universe was expanding, its proponents suggested that new matter is constantly being born in the universe, at a constant but moderate rate - a few atoms per cubic kilometer per year.
Observations of quasars in distant (and old, from our point of view) galaxies, which do not exist in our stellar surroundings, cooled the enthusiasm of theorists, and it was finally debunked when scientists discovered cosmic background radiation. Nevertheless, although Hoyle's theory did not bring him laurels, he did a series of studies that showed how atoms heavier than helium appeared in the universe. (They appeared during the life cycle of the first stars at high temperatures and pressures.) Ironically, he was also one of the co-creators of the term "big bang."
Tired light
Edwin Hubble noticed that the wavelengths of light from distant galaxies are shifted towards the red part of the spectrum when compared with the light emitted by nearby stellar bodies, indicating a loss of energy by photons. The "redshift" is explained in the context of the post-Big Bang expansion as a function of the Doppler effect. Proponents of stationary universe models have instead suggested that photons of light lose energy gradually as they travel through space, moving to longer waves, less energetic at the red end of the spectrum. This theory was first proposed by Fritz Zwicky in 1929.
There are a number of problems associated with tired light. First, there is no way to change the energy of a photon without changing its momentum, which should lead to a blur effect that we do not observe. Second, it does not explain the observed patterns of supernova light emission, which fit perfectly with the model of an expanding universe and special relativity. Finally, most fatigue light models are based on a non-expanding universe, but this results in a spectrum of background radiation that does not match our observations. In numerical terms, if the tired light hypothesis were correct, all the observed radiation of the cosmic background would have to come from sources that are closer to us than the Andromeda galaxy (the nearest galaxy to us), and everything beyond it would be for us invisible.
Eternal inflation
Most modern models of the early universe postulate a short period of exponential growth (known as inflation) caused by the energy of a vacuum, during which neighboring particles are quickly separated by vast regions of space. After this inflation, the vacuum energy disintegrated into a hot plasma soup, in which atoms, molecules and so on were formed. In the theory of perpetual inflation, this inflationary process never ended. Instead, the bubbles of space would stop swelling and enter a low-energy state to expand into inflationary space. Such bubbles would be like bubbles of steam in a boiling pot of water, only this time the pot would grow steadily.
According to this theory, our universe is one of the bubbles of a multiple universe, characterized by constant inflation. One aspect of this theory that could be tested is the assumption that two universes that are close enough to meet would cause disturbances in the spacetime of each universe. The best support for such a theory would be finding evidence of such a violation against the background of the CMB.
The first inflationary model was proposed by the Soviet scientist Alexei Starobinsky, but it became famous in the West thanks to the physicist Alan Guth, who suggested that the early universe could be supercooled and allow exponential growth to begin even before the Big Bang. Andrei Linde took these theories and developed on their basis the theory of "eternal chaotic expansion", according to which, instead of the need for the Big Bang, with the necessary potential energy, the expansion can begin at any point in scalar space and occur constantly throughout the entire multiverse.
Here's what Linde says: "Instead of a universe with one law of physics, eternal chaotic inflation presupposes a self-replicating and eternally existing multiverse in which everything is possible."
Mirage of a four-dimensional black hole
The Standard Big Bang model states that the universe exploded from an infinitely dense singularity, but this does not make it easy to explain its almost uniform temperature, given the relatively short time (by cosmic standards) that has passed since this brutal event. Some believe that this could explain an unknown form of energy that caused the universe to expand faster than the speed of light. A group of physicists from the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics has suggested that the universe may be essentially a three-dimensional mirage created on the event horizon of a four-dimensional star collapsing into a black hole.
Niayesh Afshordi and his colleagues studied a 2000 proposal made by a team at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich that our universe can be just one membrane, existing in a "volumetric universe" with four dimensions. They decided that if this massive universe also contains four-dimensional stars, they could behave like their three-dimensional counterparts in our universe - exploding into supernovae and collapsing into black holes.
Three-dimensional black holes are surrounded by a spherical surface - the event horizon. While the surface of the event horizon of a 3D black hole is two-dimensional, the shape of the event horizon of a four-dimensional black hole must be three-dimensional - a hypersphere. When Afshordi's team modeled the death of a 4D star, they found that the erupted material had formed a 3-D brane (membrane) around the event horizon and slowly expanded. The team speculated that our universe could be a mirage formed from debris from the outer layers of a four-dimensional collapsing star.
Since a four-dimensional volumetric universe may be much older, or even infinitely old, this explains the uniform temperature observed in our universe, although some recent evidence suggests that there may be deviations that make the conventional model fit better.
Mirror Universe
One of the confusing problems of physics is that almost all accepted models, including gravity, electrodynamics, and relativity, work equally well in describing the universe, regardless of whether time goes forward or backward. In the real world, we know that time only moves in one direction, and the standard explanation for this is that our perception of time is only a product of entropy, during which order dissolves into disorder. The problem with this theory is that it implies that our Universe began with a highly ordered state and low entropy. Many scientists disagree with the concept of a low-entropy early universe, which records the direction of time.
Julian Barbour of the University of Oxford, Tim Kozlowski of the University of New Brunswick, and Flavio Mercati of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics developed the theory that gravity caused time to flow forward. They studied computer simulations of 1000-point particles interacting with each other under the influence of Newtonian gravity. It turned out that regardless of their size or size, particles ultimately form a state of low complexity with minimum size and maximum density. This particle system then expands in both directions, creating two symmetrical and opposite “arrows of time”, and with it more ordered and complex structures on either side.
This suggests that the Big Bang led to the creation of not one, but two universes, in each of which time flows in the opposite direction from the other. According to Barbour:
“This two-future situation will exhibit a single chaotic past in both directions, meaning that there will be essentially two universes, on either side of the central state. If they are complex enough, both sides will support observers who can perceive the passage of time in the opposite direction. Any sentient beings will define their arrow of time as moving away from the central state. They will think that we are now living in their distant past."
Conformal Cyclic Cosmology
Sir Roger Penrose, a physicist at Oxford University, believes that the Big Bang was not the beginning of the universe, but only a transition as it goes through cycles of expansion and contraction. Penrose suggested that the geometry of space changes with time and becomes more and more confusing, as he describes the mathematical concept of the Weyl curvature tensor, which starts at zero and increases with time. He believes that black holes act by decreasing the entropy of the universe, and when the latter reaches the end of its expansion, the black holes absorb matter and energy and, ultimately, each other. As matter decays in black holes, it disappears in the process of Hawking radiation, space becomes homogeneous and filled with useless energy.
This leads to the concept of conformal invariance, the symmetry of geometries with different scales, but the same shape. When the Universe can no longer meet the initial conditions, Penrose believes that the conformal transformation will bring the geometry of space to smoothing, and the degraded particles will return to a state of zero entropy. The universe is collapsing into itself, ready to burst into another Big Bang. It follows that the universe is characterized by a repetitive process of expansion and contraction, which Penrose divided into periods called "eons."
Panrose and his partner, Vahagn (Vahe) Gurzadyan of the Yerevan Physics Institute in Armenia, collected NASA satellite CMB data and said they found 12 distinct concentric rings in the data, which they believed could be evidence of gravitational waves caused by collision of supermassive black holes at the end of the previous eon. So far, this is the main proof of the theory of conformal cyclic cosmology.
Cold Big Bang and the shrinking universe
The Standard Big Bang Model says that after all matter exploded out of the singularity, it swelled into a hot and dense universe and began to cool slowly over billions of years. But this singularity creates a number of problems when they try to cram it into general relativity and quantum mechanics, so cosmologist Krishtof Wetterich of the University of Heidelberg suggested that the universe could have started from a cold and huge empty space, which becomes active only because it is contracting, not expands according to the standard model.
In this model, the redshift observed by astronomers could be caused by the increase in the mass of the universe as it contracts. The light emitted by atoms is determined by the mass of the particles, more energy is manifested as the light moves into the blue part of the spectrum and less into the red.
The main problem with Wetterich's theory is that it cannot be confirmed by measurements, since we are only comparing the ratios of different masses, and not the masses themselves. One physicist complained that this model is akin to saying that the universe is not expanding, but the ruler with which we measure it is contracting. Wetterich said that he did not consider his theory to be a substitute for the Big Bang; he only noted that it correlates with all known observations of the Universe and may be a more "natural" explanation.
Carter's Circles Jim Carter is an amateur scientist who has developed a personal theory of the universe based on an eternal hierarchy of “zirclones,” hypothetical circular mechanical objects. He believes that the entire history of the universe can be explained as generations of zirclones developing in the process of reproduction and fission. The scientist came to this conclusion after observing a perfect ring of bubbles emerging from his breathing apparatus while doing scuba diving in the 1970s, and honed his theory with experiments involving controlled smoke rings, trash cans and rubber sheets. Carter considered them to be the physical embodiment of a process called zirclonic synchronicity.
He said that zirclonic synchronicity is a better explanation for the creation of the universe than the Big Bang theory. His theory of a living universe postulates that at least one hydrogen atom has always existed. In the beginning, one antihydrogen atom floated in a three-dimensional void. This particle had the same mass as the entire universe, and it consisted of a positively charged proton and a negatively charged antiproton. The universe was in complete ideal duality, but the negative antiproton expanded gravitationally a little faster than the positive proton, which led to its loss of relative mass. They expanded towards each other until a negative particle absorbed a positive one and they formed an antineutron. The antineutron was also unbalanced in mass, but eventually returned to equilibrium.which led to its splitting into two new neutrons from a particle and an antiparticle. This process caused an exponential increase in the number of neutrons, some of which no longer split, but annihilated into photons, which formed the basis of cosmic rays. Ultimately, the universe became a mass of stable neutrons, which existed for a certain time before decay, and allowed electrons to unite with protons for the first time, forming the first hydrogen atoms and filling the universe with electrons and protons, actively interacting with the formation of new elements. A little madness doesn't hurt. Most physicists consider Carter's ideas to be delusional unbalanced, which is not even subject to empirical examination. Carter's smoke ring experiments were used as evidence for the now discredited aether theory 13 years ago. This process caused an exponential increase in the number of neutrons, some of which no longer split, but annihilated into photons, which formed the basis of cosmic rays. Ultimately, the universe became a mass of stable neutrons, which existed for a certain time before decay, and allowed electrons to unite with protons for the first time, forming the first hydrogen atoms and filling the universe with electrons and protons, actively interacting with the formation of new elements. A little madness doesn't hurt. Most physicists consider Carter's ideas to be delusional unbalanced, which is not even subject to empirical examination. Carter's smoke ring experiments were used as evidence for the now discredited aether theory 13 years ago. This process caused an exponential increase in the number of neutrons, some of which no longer split, but annihilated into photons, which formed the basis of cosmic rays. Ultimately, the universe became a mass of stable neutrons, which existed for a certain time before decay, and allowed electrons to unite with protons for the first time, forming the first hydrogen atoms and filling the universe with electrons and protons, actively interacting with the formation of new elements. A little madness doesn't hurt. Most physicists consider Carter's ideas to be delusional unbalanced, which is not even subject to empirical examination. Carter's smoke ring experiments were used as evidence for the now discredited aether theory 13 years ago.which formed the basis of cosmic rays. Ultimately, the universe became a mass of stable neutrons, which existed for a certain time before decay, and allowed electrons to unite with protons for the first time, forming the first hydrogen atoms and filling the universe with electrons and protons, actively interacting with the formation of new elements. A little madness doesn't hurt. Most physicists consider Carter's ideas to be delusional unbalanced, which is not even subject to empirical examination. Carter's smoke ring experiments were used as evidence for the now discredited aether theory 13 years ago.which formed the basis of cosmic rays. Ultimately, the universe became a mass of stable neutrons, which existed for a certain time before decay, and allowed electrons to unite with protons for the first time, forming the first hydrogen atoms and filling the universe with electrons and protons, actively interacting with the formation of new elements. A little madness doesn't hurt. Most physicists consider Carter's ideas to be delusional unbalanced, which is not even subject to empirical examination. Carter's smoke ring experiments were used as evidence for the now discredited aether theory 13 years ago.forming the first hydrogen atoms and filling the universe with electrons and protons, actively interacting with the formation of new elements. A little madness doesn't hurt. Most physicists consider Carter's ideas to be delusional unbalanced, which is not even subject to empirical examination. Carter's smoke ring experiments were used as evidence for the now discredited aether theory 13 years ago.forming the first hydrogen atoms and filling the universe with electrons and protons, actively interacting with the formation of new elements. A little madness doesn't hurt. Most physicists consider Carter's ideas to be delusional unbalanced, which is not even subject to empirical examination. Carter's smoke ring experiments were used as evidence for the now discredited aether theory 13 years ago.
Plasma Universe While in standard cosmology gravity remains the main governing force, in plasma cosmology (in the theory of the electric universe), electromagnetism is at stake. One of the first proponents of this theory was the Russian psychiatrist Immanuel Velikovsky, who wrote in 1946 a work called "Space without gravity", in which he stated that gravity is an electromagnetic phenomenon arising from the interaction between atomic charges, free charges and the magnetic fields of the sun and planets. Later, these theories were worked out already in the 70s by Ralph Yurgens, who argued that stars work on electrical, and not on thermonuclear processes.
There are many iterations of the theory, but a number of elements remain the same. Plasma universe theories argue that the sun and stars are electrically powered by drift currents, that some features of the planetary surface are caused by "superlightning" and that comet tails, Martian dust devils, and galaxy formation are all electrical processes. According to these theories, deep space is filled with giant filaments of electrons and ions that twist due to the action of electromagnetic forces in space and create physical matter like galaxies. Plasma cosmologists assume that the universe is infinite in size and age. One of the most influential books on the subject was The Big Bang Never Happened, written by Eric Lerner in 1991. He claimedthat the Big Bang theory incorrectly predicts the density of light elements like deuterium, lithium-7, and helium-4, that the voids between galaxies are too large to be explained by the time frame of the Big Bang theory, and that the brightness of the surface of distant galaxies is observed as constant, while in an expanding universe, this brightness should decrease with distance due to redshift. He also argued that the Big Bang theory requires too many hypothetical things (inflation, dark matter, dark energy) and violates the law of conservation of energy, since the universe was supposedly born out of nothing. Instead, he says, plasma theory correctly predicts the abundance of light elements, the macroscopic structure of the universe, and the absorption of radio waves that cause the cosmic microwave background. Many cosmologists argue that Lerner's criticism of Big Bang cosmology is based on concepts that were considered wrong at the time of his writing, and on his explanations that observations of Big Bang cosmologists present more problems than they can solve.
Bindu-vipshot So far we have not touched upon the religious or mythological stories of the creation of the universe, but we will make an exception for the Hindu story of creation, since it can be easily linked to scientific theories. Carl Sagan once said that it is “the only religion with a time frame that meets modern scientific cosmology. Its cycles go from our ordinary day and night to Brahma's day and night, 8.64 billion years in length. Longer than the Earth or the Sun existed, almost half the time since the Big Bang."
The closest to the traditional idea of the Big Bang of the universe is found in the Hindu concept of bindu-vipshot (literally "point-explosion" in Sanskrit). The Vedic hymns of ancient India said that bindu-vipshot produced sound waves of the syllable om, which means Brahman, Absolute Reality or God. The word "Brahman" has the Sanskrit root brh meaning "great growth", which can be associated with the Big Bang, according to the scripture Shabda Brahman. The first sound "om" is interpreted as the vibration of the Big Bang, detected by astronomers in the form of relic radiation. The Upanishads explain the Big Bang as one (Brahman) willing to become many, which he achieved through the Big Bang as an effort of will. Creation is often depicted as a lila, or "divine play," in the sense that the universe was created as part of a play,and the big bang launch was also part of it. But will the game be interesting if it has an omniscient player who knows how it will play? Text writer Artem Luchko