Recently, there has been a particularly numerous controversy over where the blonde and blue-eyed people come from in the seemingly primordial Chinese villages. For a number of such residents, genetic tests have already been made. According to the British newspaper "The Daily Telegraph", they confirmed the European origin of 56% of residents. On this basis, Western scholars have concluded that about two-thirds of the inhabitants of a Chinese village are possibly descendants of ancient Roman soldiers. Let's check whether this is so, and, in general, whether this can be in this region.
So, the village of Litsian, in which the blond "Chinese" live, is located in northwestern China, on the edge of the Gobi Desert, east of the Tarim Basin. Many residents of Lijian have blue or green eyes, long noses, and even blonde hair. Western interpreters immediately attached the label to this phenomenon: "they differ in appearance atypical for the indigenous Chinese."
Two components of modern China
Meanwhile, Chinese civilization has always contained stories of blue-eyed, blond people who were the creators of Buddhism, as well as the first leaders and organizers of Chinese society. This is precisely what is reflected in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia in a profile article about China. A specialist in the history of this country L. I. Duman begins his essay with the words: "On the territory of Northern China, where the Chinese civilization was born …". In the same article, but already well-known anthropologist S. I. Brook clarifies that “in the north-west of China there are peoples of the Turkic language group: Uighurs, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, etc. In the north and north-east, there are the peoples of the Mongolian group: Mongols, Dongsians, etc. In the north-east, there are Tungus peoples. the Manchu group: the Manchus, etc."
The same S. I. Brook reports that the original Chinese live in the eastern half of the country, and also occupy a vast territory in the south - these are the peoples who speak the languages of the Thai group: Chuang, Bui, Dong, etc., as well as the peoples of the Miao-Yao group: Miao, Yao, She and others. In the south-west of China - the peoples of the Mon-Khmer language family. That is why the Great Wall of China stretches to the south of North China. Its loopholes are directed to the south. For centuries, this wall protected the northern civilized Caucasoid peoples of "China" from the invasion of the Mongoloid paleoanthropes - the Chinese - from the south. The population of China today is a mixture. On the one hand, these are paleoanthropes of Mongoloid appearance, which were formed in the Southeast region. On the other hand, they are Caucasians who brought civilization to the region.
First, let's look at the name of China. In the 13th century, those territories that are now occupied by North China, Marco Polo designated the word "Catai", and the southern settlements of the Mongoloids - he called "Manji" (Man). The latter name literally means "southern barbarians". The dictionary refers this name to "non-Chinese tribes in southern China." The ethnogenesis of Man (11 - 3 centuries BC) is associated with the Miao and Yao peoples living in South China, the self-designation Yao - min and Man [Its, 1972]. The Russian traveler Afanasy Nikitin, in his "Walking across the Three Seas" (1470s), also gave two names: "China" - for southern China, "Kita (y)" - for northern China. M. Fasmer in his dictionary also shows that Old Russian. China, Tat., Uig., Tob. Kutai - "China, Chinese", and tour. Khutai actually means only "North China".
“In the valley of the Gansu province (where the village of Litsian is located - author), to the west of the main city of Liang-Chjeu-Fu, you meet,” says Lejanre (a 19th century traveler), “a whole tribe, numbering about ten thousand people, owners of long beards, people of white skin, with a high waist, who speak the ancient Turkish language. " Moreover, there are many similar tribes in Chinese Turkestan. White races, ancient and modern, pure and mixed, were and remain in Asia, which they once possessed before they were assimilated by the Mongol tribes [Arnoldov, 2009].
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Numerous studies show that the proto "Chinese" were peoples under the general name Man (11 - 3 centuries BC), whose ethnogenesis is associated with the mentioned Miao people. This people is an unwritten paleonopoly of Southeast Asia and is known only from the 2nd millennium BC. [Peoples, 1965, 1966]. The Miao people live in southern China (Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan) and have five isolated groups. Each has its own name - gusu, mu, mong, amoi, game. Partially Miao live in the countries of Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Burma), where they are called meo. The historical region of its formation is Guizhou. The Yao people are settled in the provinces of China - Guangdong, Hunan, etc., in Vietnam, Laos, etc. The self-name of Yao is min and man [Its, 1972].
So, historically, Europeoid people came to the north of modern China, they formed their civilization here and named it China (lit. Snake); along the southern border of this civilization, the Caucasians built the Great Wall of China, which protected them from the penetration from the south of representatives of the Mongoloid paleoanthropes - the peoples of the Malay race, Miao, Yao, who did not know civilization, and whom the northern neighbors called barbarians, but who have completely conquered by now all of Southeast Asia.
The emergence of Caucasians in China
An ancient Chinese legend says: Chinese civilization began with the fact that a White God named Huang Di (literally, the Second Emperor) flew to them from the north on a celestial chariot, who taught them everything - from cultivating rice fields and building dams on rivers to hieroglyphic letters. The hieroglyphs were passed down to the "Chinese" by a representative of a highly developed civilization lying to the north of Ancient China. The appearance of the Second Emperor is the 3rd c. BC. What is the reason for this event? At this time, Northwest China opened up to foreign trade, and traders from all over the world flooded into it.
However, trade routes connecting Turkestan with Ancient Russia and Europe have existed since the Neolithic. The very first trade route - "copper" - was formed at the beginning of the Neolithic. Already in the 6th millennium BC. he connected the central regions of Russia, rich in native copper, with the southern Russian tribes of the Middle Stog culture and with the southwestern settlements in the territory of today's Serbia (Vinca culture).
In the south, by the 4th millennium BC. the ability to smelt copper reached Mesopotamia, where this metal was delivered from Iran. In the east, in a campaign for copper, the ancient Russian metal-foundry workers advanced beyond the Urals (Sintashta culture, Arkaim) and reached the ore-rich regions of Altai (before the entrance to the Tarim depression in China). From the 5th millennium BC silver trade was carried out along the same path: from Altai to the north, silver went to Russia, to Europe, and from the south to Sumer. From the 4th millennium BC trade in lapis lazuli began: in the north this stone was delivered to Russia, to Europe and through the Caucasus to Ancient Egypt, and in the south to Sumer. From the 3rd millennium BC the amber road passed through these places, and several more materials were traded.
Thus, to the west of the Tarim Basin (North-West China) from the 4th - 3rd millennium BC. located a powerful Caucasian civilization, the mythological king of which was the son of Dazhbog, grandson of Perun, great-grandson of Svarog - Bohumir (or Avest. Yima). From the 2nd millennium BC jade began to flow from Altai and Badakhshan through the Tarim Basin to Northern China, and in the 1st millennium BC. and silk. The village of Litsian, like the rest of North China, became centers for the processing of jade and silk. This civilization, consisting only of Caucasians, the descendants of Bohumir, became the basis of Modern China.
It should be especially noted that the ancient trade routes did not reach the so-called “ancient civilizations” of “Greece” and “Ancient Rome”. The Greeks learned about the Silk Road only in the 2nd century BC, and the Romans even later. Until that time, silk was delivered to Rome and Greece from the north - through the Caucasus and Ancient Russia. Therefore, in order to connect the villages of blonde Caucasians with the Silk Road, there is every reason, but with Ancient Rome, as the head of the recently created Center for the Study of Italy at the University of Lanzhou (Gansu province), there are no grounds.
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Genetic data of "Chinese" Caucasians
In order to finally understand the situation with who the inhabitants of northern Chinese villages really are - Caucasians or Romans - let us turn to genetics. Italians (descendants of the Romans) are heterogeneous in their genetic makeup. If the southern Italians have R1b1 - 36%; G - 10%; E - 11.5% and the same for the central ones - R1b1 - 36%; G - 10%, then the northern Italians R1b - 62%; I - 0.5%; E - 10.4%; J - 9.6%; G - 10%, and the share of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 is only 2.7%. Similar to the Italians and their neighbors - the northern French. They have R1a1 - 0%; R1b - 52.2%; I - 17.4%; E - 4.7%. Russians have a completely different spectrum of haplogroups - R1a1 - 61%; I - 21%; R1b - 15%. Thus, among the Italians, in whose veins the blood of the ancient Romans flows, the main haplogroup is R1b, and among the Russians - R1a1.
Fossils of the genus R1a1 have been found wherever the Northern Trade Route passed [Bouakaze et al, 2007; Keyser et al, 2009] - in northern Kazakhstan, in the South Urals, in Kyrgyzstan, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, etc. About 1.6 thousand BC. carriers of the haplogroup R1a1 moved from the Southern Urals (Sintashta archaeological culture; Arkaim) to Northern India, founded a caste system and occupied the highest castes (up to 72% of R1a1) [Sharma et al, 2009]. The designated Northern Trade Route along its entire length was equipped by ancient Russian tribes, carriers of the fossil haplogroup R1a1, these are: Andronovites (1.8 - 1.4 thousand BC), Karasuk people (2.8 - 1.9 thousand BC). BC), Tagarians (1.9 - 1.5 thousand BC), Tashtyk people (1 - 4 centuries AD).
In the work [Roewer et al., 2008; Keyser, 2009] presents an interesting fragment of the 17-marker haplotype tree of haplogroup R1a1 of ethnic Russians in twelve regions of the Russian Federation. According to this study, fossil R1a1 haplotypes from Southern Siberia fit perfectly on the branches of modern Russian haplotypes. These fossil haplotypes share a common ancestor with modern Russians. This genetic material, firstly, states the existence of a massive Old Russian community of 4 - 2 thousand BC, and also illustrates the movement of ancient Rus in the territory of Southern Siberia, India, Northern China, etc. In particular, genetically the Andronovites came from the Tver region, and the Tagar and Tashtyk people - from the Tver and Ivanovo regions.
In the 3rd - 2nd millennium BC. in southern Siberia and the Minusinsk Basin, the Afanasyev culture (akin to the Andronov culture) spread. It was created by the Caucasoid agricultural and cattle-breeding tribes of the Caucasians - the descendants of the mythological Bohumir who came from the territories of the Russian Plain. They brought with them cattle breeding, agriculture and metallurgy, and they were the first to bury the dead in mounds. The distribution area of the Afanasyev culture includes Altai, East Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Xinjiang. The dating of the Afanasyevsk complexes with gold objects of the Karakol river valley is indicative. It was by the 2nd millennium BC. gold mining in this region is beginning to achieve noticeable results. This makes it possible to start minting gold coins in ancient China [Borodovsky, 2003].
The Karasuks (R1a1) were associated with the ancient population of Northern China, Mongolia, Transbaikalia, the Baikal region, Western Siberia, Central Asia [Novgorodova, 1970]. In particular, some of the knives were imported by the Karasuks to China, where in the Zhou era (1027–256 BC) knife coins were in active circulation [Khakass Museum, 2010]. A figurine of the Chinese emperor Zhou-Xin from the Shang dynasty (ruled 1154 - 1122 BC; a figurine of the same time) has survived, in which we see a Caucasian person, not Mongoloid.
The Tagarians (R1a1) are the heirs of the Afanasyevites (existed until the 3rd century BC) - the Tochars who, as it is written in any encyclopedia, are from Eastern Europe (i.e. Russia) and who gradually occupied the Chinese Xinjiang (to the west of the village of Litsian of interest to us). Here, in the basin of the Tarim River, about two hundred of their burials from the 2nd millennium BC were discovered. The Chinese and American archaeologists who studied them note that the buried people have nothing to do with either the Chinese or the modern inhabitants of Tibet, but are the remains of people of non-Mongoloid appearance. All bodies are well preserved and turned into mummies. People have European characteristics: tall stature, light blond hair, long noses. These are the ancestors of those who now want to be christened Romans. But these "lost Romans" are 4 thousand years old,that is, they lived 2.5 thousand years before the "Great Rome".
And the last thing: in all the men from the Tarim Basin, whose Y chromosomes were examined, the same haplogroup R1a1 was found - the one that was in the Tochars, Karsuk, Tashtyk, Andronov, Afanasyevs and the one that is called Russian in the scientific literature [Klyosov and Tyunyaev, 2010]. There is every reason that haplogroup R1a1 will be found among the inhabitants of the village of Litsian. Russian haplogroup, not Roman (R1b).
Anthropological data
In support of their version of the presence of the Romans in Northern China, Western scientists cite data on the growth of Chinese Caucasians - 180 cm. This is, allegedly, a typical Roman height. Meanwhile, from the anthropological data on the Roman soldiers it is known that they were short (about 150 - 160 cm), short-armed and short-legged. For example, the statue of Roman Mars from Toddy, made, as it was believed, in full size, depicts a man only 140 cm tall (beginning of the 4th century BC, Rome, Vatican Museum).
In addition, there are systems for recovering data on a person's height along the length of his foot or step, which are used in criminal practice (forensic science). So, the Roman ancient natural foot is 25 cm. This foot length corresponds to a coefficient of 6.31 [Chulakhov et al., 2008], which gives us a Roman's height of 157.75 cm. In forensics, the formula is also used: Height (in meters) = 4 (Step length in meters - 0.37 meters). The known length of the old Roman mile is 1481 meters [TSB]. Hence, according to the formula, the growth of a Roman soldier is 1 meter 48 centimeters.
In addition, you can see multiple military reconstructions, in which the Romans are always one third lower than their northern opponents, whose height averaged 180 cm, and also often entered 2 meters. Let's use similar data on the length of the old Russian mile. It is equal to 7467.60 meters [TSB]. Hence, the length of the Russian step is 0.93345 meters, and the height of the Russian warrior is 2 meters 25 centimeters (that is, the Russian person is 52 percent taller than the Roman). It remains to add to this that the lengths of male skeletons found in Russia, in the overwhelming majority of cases, are between 180-200 cm, starting already with a man from the Sungir site (24 thousand BC; Vladimir).
conclusions
Thus, the civilization of Northern China was formed by people of the Caucasian race, whose genetic marker is the same as that of the modern Russian population of the Tver or Ivanovo regions. Anthropologically, these people were descendants of the ancient Rus - the mythological Bohumir, and in China they were called Tochars. This issue is the subject of my book "Russian China (Export of Civilization)", which will be released by the end of 2011.
Andrey Alexandrovich Tyunyaev, President of the Academy of Fundamental Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences