What is Troubles - Time of Troubles
Troubles - indignation, rebellion, rebellion, general disobedience, discord between the government and the people.
The Time of Troubles is an era of social and political dynastic crisis. It was accompanied by popular uprisings, the rule of impostors, the destruction of state power, the Polish-Swedish-Lithuanian intervention, the ruin of the country.
Causes of the Troubles
• Consequences of the ruin of the state during the oprichnina period.
• Aggravation of the social situation as a result of the processes of state enslavement of the peasantry.
• Crisis of the dynasty: suppression of the male branch of the ruling princely-tsarist Moscow house.
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• Power crisis: intensification of the struggle for supreme power among the noble boyar families. The emergence of impostors.
• Poland's claims to Russian lands and the throne.
• Famine 1601-1603. The death of people and the surge in migration within the state.
Reign during the Troubles
• Boris Godunov (1598-1605)
• Fedor Godunov (1605)
• False Dmitry I (1605-1606)
• Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610)
• Seven Boyars (1610-1613)
Time of Troubles (1598 - 1613) Chronicle of events
• 1598 - 1605 - Board of Boris Godunov.
• 1603 - The Cotton Uprising.
• 1604 - The appearance of the detachments of False Dmitry I in the southwestern Russian lands.
• 1605 - The overthrow of the Godunov dynasty.
• 1605 - 1606 - Board of False Dmitry I.
• 1606 - 1607 - Bolotnikov uprising.
• 1606 - 1610 - The Board of Vasily Shuisky.
• 1607 - Issue of a decree on the fifteen-year search for fugitive peasants.
• 1607 - 1610 - Attempts of False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia.
• 1610 - 1613 - "Seven Boyars".
• 1611 March - The uprising in Moscow against the Poles.
• 1611, September - October - The formation of the second militia in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky.
• 1612, October 26 - The liberation of Moscow from the invaders by the second militia.
• 1613 - Accession to the throne of the Romanov dynasty.
1) Portrait of Boris Godunov; 2) False Dmitry I; 3) Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky.
The beginning of the Time of Troubles. Godunov
When Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich died and the Rurik dynasty ended, then on February 21, 1598, Boris Godunov ascended the throne. The formal act of limiting the power of the new sovereign expected by the boyars did not follow. The dull murmur of this estate caused from the side of the new tsar secret police surveillance of the boyars, in which the main weapon were slaves who denounced their masters. This was followed by torture and execution. The general loosening of the sovereign order could not be adjusted by Godunov, despite all the energy he displayed. The famine years, which began in 1601, increased the general discontent with the king. The struggle for the royal throne at the top of the boyars, gradually supplemented by fermentation from below, marked the beginning of the Time of Troubles - the Troubles. In this connection, the entire reign of Boris Godunov can be considered its first period.
False Dmitry I
Soon, rumors began to spread about the rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry, who had been previously killed in Uglich, and about his finding in Poland. The first news about him began to reach the capital at the very beginning of 1604. False Dmitry 1 was created by the Moscow boyars with the help of the Poles. His imposture was not a secret for the boyars, and Godunov said bluntly that it was they who set up the impostor.
1604, autumn - False Dmitry with a detachment assembled in Poland and Ukraine entered the Moscow state through Severshchina - the southwestern border region, which was quickly seized by popular unrest. 1605, April 13 - Boris Godunov died, and the impostor could easily approach the capital, where he entered on June 20.
Throughout the 11-month rule of False Dmitry, boyar conspiracies against him did not stop. He did not suit either the boyars (because of the independence and independence of his character), or the people (because of their "Westernizing" policy, unusual for Muscovites). 1606, May 17 - conspirators, headed by the princes V. I. Shuisky, V. V. Golitsyn and others, overthrew the impostor and killed him.
Vasily Shuisky
Then Vasily Shuisky was elected tsar, but without the participation of the Zemsky Sobor, but only by the boyar party and a crowd of Muscovites loyal to him, who "shouted" Shuisky after the death of False Dmitry. His reign was limited by the boyar oligarchy, which took an oath from the sovereign to limit his power. This reign covers four years and two months; during all this time, the Troubles continued and grew.
The first to revolt was Seversk Ukraine, led by the Putivl voivode Prince Shakhovsky under the name of the allegedly escaped False Dmitry I. The leader of the uprising was the fugitive slave Bolotnikov (Bolotnikov Uprising), who appeared as an agent sent by the impostor from Poland. The rebels' initial successes forced many to join the rebellion. The Ryazan land was outraged by the Sunbulov and the Lyapunov brothers, Tula and the surrounding towns were raised by Istoma Pashkov.
Trouble was also able to penetrate other places: Nizhny Novgorod was besieged by a crowd of slaves and foreigners, led by two Mordvinians; instability and confusion were noticed in Perm and Vyatka. Astrakhan was outraged by the governor himself, Prince Khvorostinin; along the Volga a gang raged, which exposed their impostor, a certain Muromets Ileika, who was called Peter - the unprecedented son of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich.
1606, October 12 - Bolotnikov approached Moscow and was able to defeat the Moscow army near the village of Troitsky, Kolomensky district, but soon M. V. Skopin-Shuisky near Kolomenskoye and went to Kaluga, which the tsar's brother Dmitry tried to besiege. The impostor Peter appeared in the Seversk land, who in Tula united with Bolotnikov, who had left the Moscow troops from Kaluga. Tsar Vasily himself advanced to Tula, which he was besieging from June 30 to October 1, 1607. During the siege of the city, a new formidable impostor False Dmitry II appeared in Starodub.
Minin's appeal on the square of Nizhny Novgorod.
False Dmitry II
The death of Bolotnikov, who surrendered in Tula, could not end the Time of Troubles. False Dmitry 2, with the support of Poles and Cossacks, approached Moscow and settled down in the so-called Tushino camp. A significant part of the cities (up to 22) in the northeast submitted to the impostor. Only the Trinity-Sergius Lavra was able to withstand a prolonged siege by his troops from September 1608 to January 1610.
In difficult circumstances, Shuisky turned to the Swedes for help. Then Poland in September 1609 declared war on Moscow under the pretext that Moscow had concluded an agreement with the hostile Poles Sweden. So the internal Troubles was supplemented by the intervention of foreigners. King of Poland Sigismund III went to Smolensk. Sent to negotiate with the Swedes in Novgorod in the spring of 1609, Skopin-Shuisky, together with the Swedish auxiliary detachment of Delagardie, moved to the capital. Moscow was freed from the Tushinsky thief who fled to Kaluga in February 1610. The Tushino camp dispersed. The Poles who were in it went to their king near Smolensk.
The Russian adherents of False Dmitry II from the boyars and nobles headed by Mikhail Saltykov, remaining alone, also decided to send representatives to the Polish camp near Smolensk and recognize the king of Sigismund's son Vladislav. But they recognized him on certain conditions, which were set forth in the treaty with the king on February 4, 1610. However, while negotiations with Sigismund were underway, two important events took place that had a strong impact on the course of the Time of Troubles: in April 1610, the tsar's nephew, the popular liberator of Moscow M. V. Skopin-Shuisky, and in June hetman Zholkevsky inflicted a heavy defeat on the Moscow troops near Klushin. These events decided the fate of Tsar Vasily: Muscovites, under the leadership of Zakhar Lyapunov, overthrew Shuisky on July 17, 1610 and forced him to cut his hair.
The last period of Troubles
The last period of the Time of Troubles has come. Near Moscow, the Polish hetman Zholkevsky was stationed with an army, demanding the election of Vladislav, and again False Dmitry II, who came there, to whom the Moscow rabble was located. At the head of the board was the Boyar Duma, headed by F. I. Mstislavsky, V. V. Golitsyn and others (the so-called Semiboyarshchina). She began to negotiate with Zholkevsky about the recognition of Vladislav as the Russian tsar. Zholkiewski on September 19 brought Polish troops into Moscow and drove away False Dmitry II from the capital. At the same time, from the capital that had sworn to the prince Vladislav, an embassy was sent to Sigismund III, which consisted of the most noble Moscow boyars, but the king detained them and announced that he personally intended to be the king in Moscow.
1611 - was marked by a rapid rise in the midst of the Troubles of Russian national feeling. At the head of the patriotic movement against the Poles were initially Patriarch Germogen and Procopius Lyapunov. Sigismund's claims to unite Russia with Poland as a subordinate state and the murder of the leader of the rabble, False Dmitry II, whose danger forced many to reluctantly rely on Vladislav, favored the growth of the movement.
The uprising quickly engulfed Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Kostroma, Vologda, Ustyug, Novgorod and other cities. Militias gathered everywhere and pulled together to the capital. The servicemen of Lyapunov were joined by the Cossacks under the command of the Don Ataman Zarutsky and Prince Trubetskoy. In early March 1611, the militia approached Moscow, where, with news of this, an uprising arose against the Poles. The Poles burned down the entire Moscow posad (March 19), but with the approach of the Lyapunov and other leaders' troops, they were forced, together with their supporters from Muscovites, to lock themselves in the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod.
The case of the first patriotic militia of the Time of Troubles ended in failure, due to the complete disunity of the interests of individual groups that were part of it. On July 25, the Cossacks killed Lyapunov. Even earlier, on June 3, King Sigismund finally took possession of Smolensk, and on July 8, 1611, De la Gardie took Novgorod by assault and forced him to recognize the Swedish prince Philip there as king. In Pskov, a new leader of tramps, False Dmitry III, appeared.
Expulsion of Poles from the Kremlin.
Minin and Pozharsky
Then the archimandrite of the Trinity Monastery Dionysius and his cellarer Avraamy Palitsyn made a sermon on national self-defense. Their messages found a response in Nizhny Novgorod and the northern Volga region. 1611, October - the initiative of collecting the militia and funds was taken by the Nizhny Novgorod butcher Kuzma Minin Sukhorukiy, and already at the beginning of February 1612, organized detachments under the command of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky moved up the Volga. At that time (February 17), Patriarch Hermogenes, who was stubbornly blessing the militias, perished, who was imprisoned by the Poles in the Kremlin.
In early April, the second patriotic militia of the Time of Troubles arrived in Yaroslavl and, slowly advancing, gradually strengthening its troops, on August 20 approached Moscow. Zarutsky with his gangs went to the southeastern regions, and Trubetskoy joined Pozharsky. On August 24-28, the soldiers of Pozharsky and the Cossacks of Trubetskoy recaptured Hetman Khodkevich from Moscow, who arrived with a supply train to help the Poles besieged in the Kremlin. On October 22, they occupied Kitai-Gorod, and on October 26, the Kremlin was also cleared of the Poles. The attempt of Sigismund III to move towards Moscow was unsuccessful: the king turned back from under Volokolamsk.
Results of the Time of Troubles
In December, letters were sent everywhere to send the best and intelligent people to the capital to elect the tsar. They got together early next year. 1613, February 21 - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the Russian tsars by the Zemsky Sobor, who was married in Moscow on July 11 of the same year and founded a new, 300-year-old dynasty. The main events of the Time of Troubles ended with this, but a firm order had to be established for a long time.
